Atay, AyşeAyvalıoğlu Şamiloğlu, Demet ÇağılŞişmanoğlu, SonerYıldırım, ZaferÜşümez, Aslıhan2026-06-262026-06-262026Atay, A., Ayvalıoğlu Şamiloğlu, D. Ç., Şişmanoğlu, S., Yıldırım, Z., & Üşümez, A. (2026). Biocompatibility of printed, milled, and conventionally fabricated indirect resin-based restorative materials: An in vitro comparative study. Odontology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-026-01432-11618-12551618-1247https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-026-01432-1https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/1522The increasing use of digitally fabricated resin-based materials for definitive dental restorations has raised concerns regarding their biological performance and biocompatibility. This in vitro study evaluated the biocompatibility and surface characteristics of different indirect resin-based restorative materials used in definitive dental restorations. A total of 144 disc-shaped specimens (diameter 15 mm, height 2 mm) were fabricated using printed, milled, and conventional resins (48 specimens per material), with 12 specimens allocated to each analysis (n=12). Specimens were sterilized using ultraviolet irradiation. Culture medium extracts were obtained on days 1, 3, and 7 and evaluated using L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Cell viability was assessed using the XTT assay, apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release using a Mouse IL-6 ELISA kit. Cell viability, apoptosis, and IL-6 levels were analyzed using two-way ANOVA; surface roughness was analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests (p<0.05). Significant differences were observed among the manufacturing groups across incubation periods in terms of cell viability, apoptosis rate, and IL-6 release (p<0.05). The milled-resin group showed the highest cell viability on day 7, whereas the conventional resin group showed the lowest (p<0.05). On days 3 and 7, the conventional resin group exhibited the highest rates of apoptosis and IL-6 release (p<0.05). Both printed and milled-resin groups showed no significant impact on fibroblast cell responses, whereas exposure to eluates from the conventional resin group resulted in altered cell viability, IL-6 levels, and apoptosis, suggesting potential cytotoxicity relevant to material selection for definitive prosthodontic restorations.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess3D-PrintingCAD/CAM MillingCell ViabilityInterleukin-6ApoptosisArticle10.1007/s10266-026-01432-1Q2WOS:0017978788000012-s2.0-105042333051PMID: 42322503Q1