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Yayın Advances in parkinson's disease research: Exploring biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for halting disease progression(Frontiers Media S. A., 2025) Bougea, Anastasia; Değirmenci, YıldızParkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra (SN) in 1% of people aged above 65 years (Ben-Shlomo et al., 2024). Its complex clinical picture includes motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, and gait instability, as well as non-motor symptoms (depression, psychosis, cognitive decline) (Schilder et al., 2017;Titova and Chaudhuri, 2017). Current symptomatic therapies have limited long-term efficacy (Aldaajani and Khalil, 2024). A deep analysis of neural network after PD onset could deepen our understanding of the molecular crosstalk and biological processes underlying PD pathogenesis (Tomkins and Manzoni, 2021). However, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis, presenting barriers to monitoring and developing disease-modifying therapies. There are several different types of biomarkers for PD , such as clinical, neurochemical and genetic (Bougea, 2020). Ten studies provided novel insights into the early detection and monitoring of PD.in the occipital region of the PD group can be usedtilized as a rapid and objective test indicator to screen for depressive symptoms in PD.Zhang et al. identified circadian rhythm genesAK3, RTN3, and LEPR as biomarkers in the progression of PD by regulating NK cells, however, the exact mechanism is not clear.Wang et al. confirmed that authenticated GPR78, CADM3, and CACNA1E were as the biomarkers that mostly mainly participated in pathways, such as the 'cell cycle' and 'hydrogen peroxide catabolic process', and They also found; five types of differential immune cells that differed between PD and control groups were identified. Together, these studies highlight the importance of combination of biomarkers and risk variables into predictive models , improving early diagnosis and monitoring of PD. Sme of them may serve as diagnostics (lncRNAs, P1 amplitude) or predictive (NVU, cathepsin B, APA2, circadian rhythm genesAK3) may shed novel light on the pathogenesis of PD.Both pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological (cognitive training, physical activity, and dietary changes) treatments are used to treat PD symptoms (Degirmenci et al., 2023;Ernst et al., 2024). Seven promising approaches were also highlighted by this showed that acupuncture, cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation significantly improved sleep, depression, anxiety, cognition, constipation, and quality of life of PD patients.Studies suggest personalized pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological therapies for PD, with nicotine, Golexanolone, taVNS, acupuncture, and FMT showing promising antiparkinsonian properties, by modulating brain activity. Further research is needed to validate their sustainability, safety, and effectiveness.Bibliometric analysis is a systematic approach to evaluating scientific literature and detecting patterns, and effects by using quantitative tools to filter data from relevant sources (Passas, 2024). This research topic includes two bibliometric studies that significantly expand their respective fields. This research topic combines important studies on the risk factors, treatments, biomarkers and bibliometric analysis. The results of these studies provide a useful guide for clinicians in their practice and to suggest targets for researchers in developing new diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. We conclude that the results of these studies are a useful tool that help clinicians in their practice and motivate researchers to look for new developments.Yayın Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: An updated overview focusing on emerging pharmaceutical treatment approaches(MDPI, 2023) Değirmenci, Yıldız; Angelopoulou, Efthalia; Georgakopoulou, Vasiliki Epameinondas; Bougea, AnastasiaCognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), which may occur in various severities, represents one of the commonest and most disabling non-motor manifestations during the course of the disease, causing a negative impact on patients’ quality of life. Eventually, it becomes a burden for the family members and/or the caregivers of patients, as it progresses to PD dementia. Current pharmacological treatments for cognitive impairment in PD exhibit partial efficacy, while novel effective therapeutic strategies are required. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence shows that several agents may provide beneficial effects on patients with PD and cognitive impairment, including ceftriaxone, ambroxol, intranasal insulin, nilotinib, atomoxetine, mevidalen, blarcamesine, prasinezumab, SYN120, ENT-01, NYX-458, GRF6021, fosgonimeton, INT777, Neuropeptide S, silibinin, osmotin, cordycepin, huperzine A, fibroblast growth factor 21, Poloxamer 188, ginsenoside Rb1, thioredoxin-1, tangeretin, istradefylline, and Eugenia uniflora. Potential underlying mechanisms include the inhibition of a-synuclein aggregation, improvement of mitochondrial function, regulation of synaptic plasticity, impact on gut-brain axis, modulation of neuroinflammation, upregulation of neurotrophic factors, as well as cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic and norepinephrine neurotransmission. In this overview, we aim to cover the clinical aspects of PD associated cognitive impairment, highlighting recent evidence on emerging treatment approaches that are currently under investigation at a preclinical and clinical level.Yayın Fluid biomarkers in atypical Parkinsonism: Current state and future perspectives(Springer Nature Link, 2025) Bougea, Anastasia; Colosimo, Carlo; Falup‑Pecurariu, Cristian; Palermo, Giovanni; Değirmenci, YıldızDiagnosing Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes (APS) may be challenging due to overlapping clinical features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the lack of pathognomonic diagnostic tests. Fluid biomarkers can be useful tools that make it easier to identify and track diferent APS. Objectives: this narrative review aim to update the current state of fuid biomarker research in APS and their potential implications in clinical practice. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus using the following terms: “Aβ42 amyloid beta with 42 amino acids’’, “ alpha-synuclein’’, “Atypical Parkinso nian Syndromes’’, “corticobasaldegeneration’’, “C reactive protein’’, “cerebrospinal fuid’’, “dementia with Lewy bodies’’, “multiple system atrophy’’, “neuroflament light, oligomericαsyn, phosphorylated α –syn’’, “tau phosphorylated at threonine 181’’, “progressive supranuclear palsy’’, “Seeding Amplifcation Assay’’, “t-tau; total tau”. The lack of high-afnity α-syn antibodies and ligands may contribute to α-syn’s low efcacy as a diagnostic biomarker of APS. Cerebrospinal fuid (CSF) biomarkers refecting Alzheimer pathology, axonal damage (neuroflament light chain) add valuable diagnostic and prog nostic information in the neurochemical characterization of APS. Infammatoryand microRNAs markers need to be further validated before their clinical use. Seeding Amplifcation Assays (SAA), despite their high sensitivity and specifcity, are at this point used only as a research tool, and they are not quantitative or refective of disease severity. Biomarker research for early identifcation and prognosis of APS patients requires multicenter collaboration, validation, and AI-based diagnostics, despite immature biological classifcation systems.Yayın Impulsivity in parkinson’s disease(Wolters Kluwer, 2026) Değirmenci, Yıldız; Altınbaş, Kürşat; Keçeci, Hulusi; Bougea, Anastasia; İsmayılov, Rashad; Gourzis, PhilipposIntroduction/Aims: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cardinal motor and nonmotor symptoms. Impulse control disorders are common neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with PD (pwPD) under dopaminergic therapy. However, impulsivity is an underestimated symptom. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the impulsivity in pwPD. Methods: Forty‑seven adults who were diagnosed with having PD according to the Queen Square Brain Bank criteria for PD diagnosis and 30 age‑matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The sociodemographic data of the study participants and disease characteristics of the patients were recorded. All participants completed the Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS). BIS scores were statistically analyzed between the groups. Results: The results revealed no significant differences between the patients and controls in terms of age (P > 0.05) or sex (P > 0.05). The total BIS scores were higher in the PD group than in the healthy controls (t = 2.1, P = 0.038). The items of BIS and attentional impulsivity scores were higher in the pwPD than in the controls (t = 2.8, P = 0.005), but there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of motor and nonplanning impulsivity (z = 1.8, P = 0.07; and t = 1.1, P = 0.31, respectively). Discussion: Our results indicate that attentional impulsivity is an important clinical characteristic of pwPD, even in the absence of impulse control disorders. Conclusion: Further studies are required to confirm these findings in view of personalized PD treatment.
