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    A green electrochemical sensor based on molecular imprinting for etoposide detection in environmental matrices
    (Elsevier, 2026) Al Faysal, Abdullah; Kaya, Beril Sena; Dorreh, Setareh; Erdoğan, Taner; Gölcü, Ayşegül
    A semisynthetic form of podophyllotoxin, etoposide (ETO), is frequently used to manage multiple types of cancer, including lung, testicular, bladder, prostate, and gastric malignancies. Having been utilized in clinical settings for over twenty years, it is one of the most frequently prescribed anticancer agents globally. The primary cytotoxic mechanism of ETO involves the inhibition of topoisomerase II. In the present work, an innovative electrochemical detection platform utilizing MIP was successfully established to enable both highly selective and exceptionally sensitive determination of ETO in pharmaceutical injection forms and environmental specimens. An ETO-specific MIP sensor was fabricated through a photopolymerization process and immobilized onto a GCE, where AMPS served as the active monomer, and EGDMA functioned as the cross-linking agent. This study marks the first instance of a MIP-based electrochemical sensor designed explicitly for ETO identification. The AMPS ETO@MIP/GCE sensor was subjected to electrochemical and morphological assessments through FTIR, SEM, CV, and EIS. An indirect measurement approach was employed using a 5.0 mM potassium ferricyanide/ferro cyanide system to ascertain the analytical detection range from 1.0 to 10.0 pM. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and selectivity, enabling effective discrimination of ETO from structurally similar compounds while retaining reliable performance in complex matrices such as soil and tap water. Results from validation experiments in pharmaceutical matrices indicated superior recovery, supporting the sensor's practical effectiveness and stability. To further investigate the experimental results and better understand the nature of template–monomer interactions, a series of DFT calculations was performed. Binding energies were evaluated for ETO–AMPS complexes across varying template-to-monomer ratios.
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    Green MIP-based electrochemical sensing platform for environmental ivermectin analysis
    (American Chemical Society, 2026) Aydemir, Zeynep; Kaya, Beril Sena; Dorreh, Setareh; Al Faysal, Abdullah; Erdoğan, Taner; Gölcü, Ayşegül
    Ivermectin (IVM), a macrocyclic lactone derived from Streptomyces avermitilis, is widely recognized as a “wonder drug” for its broad-spectrum efficacy against internal and external parasites in human and veterinary medicine. Owing to its potent pharmacological activity, precise quantification of IVM is essential for therapeutic monitoring and dose optimization. In this study, we report the design of a novel electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology, specifically tailored for the selective detection of IVM. The sensor was fabricated via an electropolymerization strategy employing methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer and aniline as the comonomer in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0). To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first electropolymerization-based MIP sensor developed for IVM determination. The resulting MAA-IVM@MIP/GCE sensor was thoroughly characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical detection was achieved through an indirect redox probe approach with 5.0 mM [Fe(CN)6] 3−/4−, providing a wide linear range (1 × 10−12 −1 × 10−11 M) and remarkably low limits of detection (LOD: 2.91 × 10−13 M) and quantification (LOQ: 9.71 × 10−13 M). The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity, reproducibility, and selectivity, clearly distinguishing IVM from structurally related compounds. It maintained strong analytical performance in pharmaceutical formulations, biological matrices, and environmental samples such as tap water and soil, showing minimal matrix interference. These results confirm the platform’s robustness and applicability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to evaluate template−monomer interactions and determine the optimal template:monomer ratio for the MIP-based sensor. The results revealed that the 1:1 complex exhibited the most favorable binding characteristics, consistent with the experimental findings. In addition, the sensor fabrication strategy was designed in accordance with green analytical chemistry principles. The electropolymerization process was performed in aqueous phosphate-buffered saline under mild conditions without the use of excessive cross-linkers or hazardous reagents. The approach minimizes organic solvent consumption, reduces energy requirements, and enables sensor reusability, thereby contributing to a sustainable and environmentally responsible analytical platform. Overall, this cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally conscious electrochemical sensor provides a practical tool for reliable IVM monitoring and has strong potential for clinical diagnostics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmaceutical quality control.