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Yayın A comprehensive morphological and morphometric study of the spinoglenoid notch and ligament/ membrane: Possible clinical relevance of suprascapular nerve entrapment(Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Coşkun, Osman; Gürses, İlke Ali; Gayretli, Özcan; Kale, Ayşin; Kına, Adnan; Usta, Ahmet; Şahinoğlu, Kayıhan; Öztürk, AdnanObjective: This study aimed to determine the anatomical fea tures and clinical significance of the spinoglenoid notch and spinoglenoid ligament-membrane as well as the branches of the suprascapular nerve to the infraspinatus muscle as these struc tures may cause compression of this nerve. Material and Methods: Fifty sides (25 right and 25 left) were studied on 26 fixed cadavers belonging to the Department of Anatomy, İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine. The suprascapular nerve branches to the infraspinatus muscle and spinoglenoid ligament-membrane were examined in cadavers, and the spinoglenoid notch was investigated in 50 dry scapulae. Result: The suprascapular nerve had two branches to the in fraspinatus muscle in 22 cadavers on 37 sides (74%) and three branches to this muscle in 11 cadavers on 13 sides (26%). On 31 sides the spinoglenoid membrane and on 19 sides the spinoglenoid ligament were observed. Related to the spinoglenoid notch, the mean width was 17.17±2.17 mm, and the mean depth was 17.45±2.03 mm in calliper measurements on dry bones, while the mean width was 16.99±1.88 mm, the mean depth was 17.73±2 mm and the mean area was 282.04±55.27 mm² in com puted tomography measurements. Conclusion: The presented data regarding the spinoglenoid notch in which the suprascapular nerve is frequently compressed and the branches of the suprascapular nerve to the infraspinatus muscle may guide the surgical treatment of the related entrap ment syndrome.Yayın Accessory muscles associated with the levator palpebrae superioris muscle in 100 cadavers(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Kale, Ayşin; Özbilen, Kemal Turgay; Önal, Vildan; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, ÖzcanPurpose: This study aimed to determine the variations of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and to reveal its morphological features. Methods: This study conducted on 100 adult orbit cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Istanbul University, used an exploratory, descriptive research design. The anatomical and morphological variations of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and its relationship with the superior ophthalmic vein were evaluated. Results: Variations of levator palpebrae superioris muscle were discovered in 11 of 100 orbits. Single (9%), double (1%), and triple (1%) accessory muscle slips were observed. The origin of accessory muscle slips showed variation as the accessory muscle slips originated either from the proximal or distal half of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Also, the insertions of accessory muscle slips were variable, as they were inserted into levator aponeurosis, trochlea, lacrimal gland, lateral orbital wall, or the fascia of the superior ophthalmic vein. Conclusions: Accessory muscles associated with levator aponeurosis were found in a significant proportion of cadavers. These muscles may cause confusion in orbital surgery and should be taken into account during surgical planning and orientation in the superior orbit.Yayın Anatomical features of posterior cerebral arteries and basilar artery in 170 anatolian fresh cadavers: Implications for surgical planning and intervention(Elsevier, 2024) Nas, Emine; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Şahan, Orhun; Kale, Ayşin; Dolaş, İlyas; Çakır, Halit; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, ÖzcanBackground The posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) are terminal branches of basilar artery (BA) and are responsible for the primary supply of the occipital lobe. Saccular aneurysm is most commonly seen close to the bifurcation of the BA.Various surgical interventions are performed for aneurysms.Therefore, the anatomy and localization of the BA and PCA are crucial.The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of these arteries in a large Anatolian population. Methods A total of 170 fresh cadavers from Department of Morgue, the Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey were included in the study.The diameters of the BA and PCA were measured. Correlations according to gender and age groups were analyzed. The Q1, Q2 and Q3 angles between the right and left PCA, between the right PCA and BA and between the left PCA and BA, respectively, were measured.The location of the PCA relative to the SP was also evaluated. Results It was noted that the diameter of the artery increased with age and was higher in males than in females.Q1 and Q2 diameters were higher in males while Q3 angle was higher in females.The Q1 angle between the right and left PCAs was found to be higher in 40-59 years old with a mean of 87.33±17.91mm.Finally, the bifurcation point of the PCA was most frequently located above the SP and least frequently located on SP. Conclusion We believe that the findings of our study will contribute to the planning of surgical approaches, the development of endovascular devices, the success of invasive procedures and the reduction of complications.Yayın Comprehensive classification of variations of the anterior part of the circle of willis in fresh cadavers anterior communicating artery(Galenos Publishing House, 2025) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Nas, Emine; Kale, Ayşin; Aktaş, Kardelen; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, ÖzcanObjective: The goal of our study is to evaluate and classify the variations of the anterior communicating artery (AComA) on fresh cadavers from the Türkiye population. Methods: In this study, 182 fresh cadavers were analysed and classified according to the number, shape and course of the AcomA. Results: In our study, typical AcomA was the most common with a rate of 86 (47.25%), while variations of the AcomA were found in the remaining 96 (52.75%) cases. Among these variations, in 11.46% (11/96) of cases, AcomA variations were identified as distal and proximal duplications according to the number of branches they represented; 68.75% (66/96) of cases were identified by their shape (X-shaped, single/double fenestration, hypoplasia, or aplasia); and, in 19 cases, it was characterized by course (median artery or oblique course). The rate of variations was 65% (26/40) in females and 49.29% (70/142) in males. In our study, the X-shaped and single fenestration variations were recorded as the most common. Conclusions: The results of the study are important for cerebrovascular surgery and radiological interventions. It emphasises the importance of recognising and considering variations. The study will contribute to the understanding of cerebrovascular diseases and the development of treatment strategies.Yayın Distribution of branches of anterior choroidal artery in the uncus: An anatomical study(Springer, 2024) Kaçur, İdil; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Nas, Emine; Şahan, Orhun; Kale, Ayşin; Çakır, Halit; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, ÖzcanThe aim of our study was to examine the relationship between uncus and uncal branches of anterior choroidal artery (AChA) and to observe the morphological and morphometric features of these branches. 124 hemispheres from 62 fresh cadavers were included in the study. Measurement of the length of AChA and the distances of the uncal branches to the origin of AChA were measured by ImageJ software. Morphological variations of uncal branches originating from AChA were observed. The length of AChA was found as mean 26.24 ± 4.34 mm. It was determined that the average distance of these uncal branches arising from the AChA was 13.48 ± 7.31 mm. In 4 out of 124 AChAs, no branches were observed. 594 branches originating from 120 were detected. 130/594 branches appeared to be terminal branches. AChAs of 80/120 hemispheres have been reported to have uncal branches. Thirty of 130 uncal branches were observed to originate as the first branch of AChA. It was found that uncal branches may originate from AChA with a variability between 1 and 4. When evaluated according to the origin of each branch from the AChA, it was observed that the uncal branches originated from the midpoint of the AChA on average. Also, in 64 hemispheres, morophological variations were detected regarding the origin of uncal branches. We believe that the morphological and morphometric data we obtained from the uncal branches of the AChA are of clinical importance in terms of understanding this complex region and minimizing errors in surgical procedures.Yayın Evaluation of the falx cerebri from the perspective of the fenestra and its possible clinical outcomes(Istanbul University Press, 2025) Sağlam, Latif; Bayram, Melis; Gayretli, Özcan; Coşkun, Osman; Kale, Ayşin; Öztürk, AdnanObjective: The human falx cerebri is an important anatomical structure due to the hemispheres it is adjacent to and the dural venous sinuses it contains. It is also an important landmark in determining the midline in the interhemispheric transcallosal ap proach for lateral and third ventricular tumours in neurosurgical practises. Thus, the goal of this cadaveric study was to investi gate the existence, number, and topography of fenestra on the falx cerebri in the Turkish population. Material and Methods: For this study, 60 adult Turkish cadaveric dura maters were examined. The number of falx cerebris and the existence and topography of fenestra on the falx cerebri was de termined. The length and width of the fenestra were measured using a digital compass. Result: All falces cerebrum were single, and no double or triple falx cerebri were observed. There was fenestra on the falx cerebri in five cases (8.3% of all cases), and two of them included multi ple foramina (%40 of all fenestrae). In addition, one fenestra was on the middle part of the falx cerebri, whereas the other was placed on the posterior part of this partition. The mean length and width of these fenestrae were 23.3x7.5 mm. Conclusion: The novel findings documented in this study may be important to increase the success rate of diagnostic and op erative procedures of the falx cerebri or adjacent structures and to minimise intraoperative complications during neurosurgical applications.Yayın Frequency morphologic and morphometric properties and osseous relationships of Whitnall's tubercle(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Gayretli, Özcan; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Yılar, Kader; Coşkun, Osman; Özbilen, Kemal Turgay; Kale, AyşinWhitnall tubercle (WT) of the zygomatic bone is used as an anatomical landmark in some surgical approaches to the orbit. The authors aimed to determine the localization of WT by using some palpable bony landmarks and to reveal its morphological and morphometric features. Three hundred twenty-two zygomatic bones (167 right and 155 left) belonging to adults of unknown sex, were examined. An acetate prepared by drawing a clock with a dial on it was used to determine the localization of WT according to marginal tubercle and zygomatic arch. Distances between WT and frontozygomatic suture and lateral margin of the orbital rim were measured with digital calipers. One zygomatic bone had double tubercles, thus 321 bones were taken into consideration. Whitnall tubercle was determined in 284 of 321 zygomatic bones. 181 were classified as small, 10 as medium, and 93 as large. The position of the WT according to the marginal tubercle was at the 8, 9, and 10 o'clock positions on the left, and at 2, 3, and 4 o'clock on the right. The position of the WT according to the zygomatic arch was at the 9,10 and 11 o'clock positions on the left, and at the 1 and 2 o'clock positions on the right. Distances between the WT and lateral margin of the orbital rim and the frontozygomatic suture were measured meanly as 1.94±0.31 mm and 8.17±5.82 mm, respectively. The authors believe that the data obtained regarding WT will contribute to anatomy and surgical procedures of the related region.Yayın İnsan Falx Cerebelli'sinin morfolojik ve morfometrik özellikleri ve muhtemel klinik önemi(BİDGE Yayınları, 2023) Sağlam, Latif; Bayram, Melis; Gayretli, Özcan; Coşkun, Osman; Kale, Ayşin; Öztürk, AdnanDura mater; beyin ve omuriliği saran, onları destekleyen ve koruyan fibröz, opak ve sert bir zardır (Moore vd., 2016: 865) (Standring, 2021: 398). Bulunduğu yere göre adlandırılır: dura mater cranialis (kraniumda bulunan bölümü) ve dura mater spinalis (columna vertebralis’te bulunan bölümü) (Standring, 2021: 398) (FIPAT, 15).Yayın Localization of the zygomaticotemporal foramen on the zygomatic bone and its relationship with other foramina(Harran University, 2024) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Nas, Emine; Coşkun, Osman; Kale, Ayşin; Gayretli, ÖzcanBackground: The zygomaticotemporal foramen (ZTF) is located in the temporal surface of the zygomatic bone. The zygomaticotemporal branch, a zygomatic nerve (V2) branch, passes through it and distributes in the fore head and temporal region. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of ZTF and its connections with other foramina in the zygomatic bone. Materials and Methods: A total of 171 unilateral zygomatic bones in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University were included in our study. The number(s) of ZTF and its relationship with other foramina were determined. The distances between the ZTF and the marginal tubercle and frontozygomatic su ture were measured. Results: A total of 328 ZTFs were found in 171 zygomatic bones. In total, 95 of the 328 ZTFs were found to be connected to other foramina through a canal. The vertical distance between the ZTF and the marginal tubercle as well as the frontozygomatic suture were measured as mean 9.26+2.12mm and 21.78+2.48mm, respectively. The transverse distance from the ZTF and the marginal tubercle was measured as 5.46+1.56mm. Conclusions: he ZTF is an important anatomical component with implications for interventions on the zygomatic bone. The incidence and location of the ZTF may differ between individuals and between one side of the same individual. It has provided plastic surgeons and anaesthetists with detailed anatomical findings for the protec tion of the zygomaticotemporal nerves passing through the relevant foramen and thus at risk of injury.Yayın The medical lineage of the Monro family: the clinical contributions of Alexander Monro secundus(Springer, 2024) Nas, Emine; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Kale, Ayşin; Gayretli, ÖzcanThe Monro family has served 126 years as chair of anatomy at Edinburgh University for three generations [1]. Alexander Monro secundus (Fig. 1a), together with his father and son (Alexander Monro primus (Fig. 1b), Alexander Monro tertius (Fig. 1c)), has made Edinburgh University an internationally important center for medical learning [2].Yayın Morphological and morphometric variations of the hyoid bone in anatolian population(AVES, 2023) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Toklu, Elif; Bayraktar, Elif; Ertaş, Ahmet; Kale, Ayşin; Coşkun, Osman; Öztürk, Adnan; Gayretli, ÖzcanObjective: The morphological and morphometric variations of the hyoid bone (os hyoideum) are known to be significant in cervical surgeries and also serve as important evidence in forensic cases involving hanging and strangulation. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological and morphometric differences of the hyoid bone. Methods: Sixty-four adult hyoid bones of unknown age and gender were used in our study. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee (date/number: 15.12.2021/632888). The bone shape variations were classified into four main groups: D, U, B, and V types according to the morphometric measurements of the hyoid bone. Also the hyoid bones were evaluated based on their symmetry and isometry properties. Morphometric measurements were analyzed for reliability and repeatability using TEM, rTEM, and R tests, with the same person measuring twice. Measurements were calculated using the Image J program. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.21. Results: The percentages of D, U, B, and V types were found to be 53.84%, 23.07%, 15.38%, and 11.53%, respectively. Among the hyoid bones, 34 (53.12%) were found to be asymmetrical, 30 (46.88%) symmetrical, 35 (54.69%) anisometric, and 29 (45.31%) were isometric. Conclusion: Our study’s results indicate that the hyoid bone of Anatolian individuals exhibits morphological differences compared to other populations. Understanding the morphological and morphometric values of the hyoid bone can contribute to clinical and forensic applicationsYayın Morphological and topographical features of the radial recurrent artery and its possible clinical significance(Pera Yayincilik Hizmetleri, 2023) Sağlam, Latif; Gayretli, Özcan; Coşkun, Osman; Gürses, İlke Ali; Çandır, Buse Naz; Kale, Ayşin; Öztürk, AdnanObjective: The anatomy of the radial recurrent artery (RRA) is very important for interventional procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological and topographic anatomy of the RRA. Methods: The study was conducted on 20 human cadavers (14 male and 6 female, 40 upper limbs). The RRA was classified into 4 groups as follows according to the observed origin: RRA originated from the radial artery (RA) (Type A), the root of the RA (Type B), the brachial artery (BA) (Type C), and the ulnar artery (UA). The relative positioning of the RRA in relation to the biceps brachii muscle tendon (TBB), in terms of the antero-posterior direction was determined. The vertical distance of the origin point of the RRA to the intercondylar line and the diameters of this artery were determined. Morphometric evaluation was performed with a digital caliper. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.00 software. Results: The artery most commonly originated from the RA (Type A 47.5%, 19 extremities). This was followed by RA root (Type B 32.5%, 13 extremities), BA (Type C 17.5%, 7 extremities), and UA (Type D 2.5%, 1 extremity). The RRAs coursed anteriorly to the TBB in 38 extremities (95%) and passed behind the tendon in 2 extremities (5%). The vertical distance of the origin point of the RRA to the intercondylar line was meanly 32.20 ±6.86 mm. The diameter of the artery at its origin point was meanly 2.57 ± 0.58 mm and just after its first branch was meanly 2.05 ± 0.48 mm. Our study documents a rare morphological variation of the RRA originating from the UA (Type D). Conclusion: While many of our findings align with previous studies, this research presents novel anatomical findings and elucidates the superficial course and topographical positioning of the RRA to estimate its origin point.Yayın Morphometric and morphologic evaluation of Anterior Tibial Artery(Istanbul University Press, 2023) Çandır, Buse Naz; Gayretli, Özcan; Gürses, İlke Ali; Coşkun, Osman; Sağlam, Latif; Öztürk, Adnan; Kale, AyşinObjective: Previous studies related to the anatomy of the anterior tibial artery have focused mainly on morphology. The number of studies examining arterial morphometry is limited. Consequently, we aimed to examine the morphology and morphometry of this artery in detail. Material and Method: The study was performed on 30 lower extremities injected with colored silicone. Morphological features of anterior tibial and popliteal arteries were assessed. The morphometrical evaluation included the tibiofibular trunk length, diameters of popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, fibular, dorsalis pedis arteries, and the vertical distances between the origin of the anterior tibial artery and the head of the fibula and tibial tuberosity. Result: Five types of the anterior tibial artery were determined according to branching morphology, location, and course. The mean length of the tibiofibular trunk was 32.0±9.9 mm. Mean diameters of popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, fibular, and dorsalis pedis arteries were 5.8±1 mm, 4.1±0.6 mm, 3.5±0.6 mm, 3.7±0.7 mm and 2.8± 0.4 mm, respectively. The mean vertical distance of the origin of the tibialis anterior artery to the head of the fibula and tibial tuberosity was 38±10.2 mm and 23.6±8.0 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding anterior tibial artery anatomy and popliteal artery branching variations are essential for endovascular interventions around the knee, infrapopliteal bypass procedures planned for peripheral arterial disease, and orthopedic operations involving the tibial plateau. We believe that our results will help orthopedic and vascular surgeons.Yayın Morphometric evaluation of the left atrioventricular valve complex and its clinical relations(Via Medica, 2024) Çandır, Buse Naz; Ergin, Çağla; Yılar, Kader; Coşkun, Osman; Kara, Erdoğan; Kale, Ayşin; Bozbuğa, Nilgün; Öztürk, Adnan; Gayretli, ÖzcanBackground: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate morphometrically and morphologically the left fibrous ring, mitral leaflets, tendinous cords, and papillary muscles, which are the components of the left atrioventricular valve complex (LAVC), and to reveal their clinical relationships. Materials and methods: A total of 120 human hearts were examined at the Forensic Medicine Institute. Cases aged 30 years and older, less than 24 hours after their death, were included in the study. Heart length, width, height/width ratio, anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters of the annulus, annular area, length and width of leaflets, number and attachment sites of tendinous cords, number, shape, length, the width of papillary muscles, and distances to various points were recorded to determine their spatial configurations. As well as the measurement data of LAVC components in cases with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD), the relationships of these data with the demographic characteristics of the cases are also explained. Results: In the diagnostic performance test (ROC analysis), it was determined that body mass index (> 26.7), heart weight (> 414 g), heart height/width ratio (≤ 1.24), mitral valve width (> 99.96 mm), left ventricular wall thickness (> 15.08 mm), annular area (> 619.37 mm²) and mediolateral diameter of the annulus (> 30.71 mm) are important diagnostic criteria in determining CVD if they are outside the specified reference values. Conclusions: This study provides anatomical information about LAVC, as well as recommendations for diagnosis and surgical treatment planning. We therefore believe that our findings will be useful to clinicians.Yayın The course of the phrenic nerve in the neck region and its relationship with adjacent anatomical structures in the thoracic inlet(Springer, 2024) Yıldız, Nilay; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Coşkun, Osman; Kale, Ayşin; Gayretli, ÖzcanPupose: This study aims to reveal the relationship of the phrenic nerve (PhN) with its neighboring structures in the lower neck region more comprehensively than previous studies and to minimize nerve damage by enabling invasive procedures in this region to be performed with high accuracy. Methods: Forty-one heminecks were evaluated. The relationship between the PhN and the anterior scalene muscle (ASM), internal thoracic artery (ITA), branches of subclavian artery (SA) and subclavian vein (SV) was examined. Results: It was observed that the PhN was located medial to the ASM in all cases. The distances were higher in male cadavers. The PhN was found to enter the thorax lateral to the ITA in 15/41 and medial to it in 25/41 sides. In 17/41 cases, the closest SA branch to the PhN was the thyrocervical trunk (TT) and in 24 cases the ITA. The PhN was located behind the SV in 38 cases and in front of it in 2 cases.The accessory PhN was found in 4/41 sides. There was no significant difference in morphometric findings between genders (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed between the parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The anatomy and variations of the PhN are of great importance in surgical interventions and invasive procedures in the neck region. The study provides important information to reduce the risk of damage to the PhN in surgical procedures. In addition, knowledge of the anatomical variations of the nerve may contribute to more successful results in nerve grafting and other surgical applications.Yayın Topographic and morphometric anatomy of the proximal part of the dorsal scapular nerve(Wiley, 2023) Çelikgün, Beyza; Gayretli, Özcan; Gürses, İlke Ali; Coşkun, Osman; Öztürk, Adnan; Kale, AyşinThe dorsal scapular nerve (DSN) entrapment neuropathy has recently been recog-nized as a common cause of circumscapular pain and cases of winged scapula. Courseof the nerve is important because the middle scalene muscle is frequently accessedfor surgical treatments. Studies in the literature have not focused on the morphomet-ric relationship of the DSN with the scalene muscles and its relationship with the longthoracic nerve (LTN). The neck regions of 13 adult cadavers were dissected bilater-ally. The relationship of DSN with scalene muscles and LTN was evaluated. Cervicalspinal nerves involved in the formation of the DSN were identified. Three types ofDSN were observed based on the cervical spinal nerves from which it originates, fivetypes of DSN from its relationship with the scalene muscles, and two types of DSNfrom its relationship with the LTN. The distance from where the nerve pierces thescalene muscle to the mastoid process was found to be greater in DSNs originatingfrom C4 and C5 (93.85 ± 4.11 mm,p=0.033). In DSNs not connected with LTN, thedistance from where the nerve pierces the scalene muscle to the superior trunk/C5(12.74 ± 7.73 mm,p=0.008) and the length of the nerve within the scalene muscle(14.94 ± 5.5 mm,p=0.029) were found to be statistically significantly greater. Thetopographic and morphometric anatomy of the proximal part of the DSN is impor-tant, especially for scalene muscles-focused surgical treatments and interscalenenerve blocks. We believe our results may guide clinical approaches and surgery.
