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Yayın Antibacterial mechanism with consequent cytotoxicity of different reinforcements in biodegradable magnesium and zinc alloys: A review(KeAi Communications Co., 2023) Shahed, Chowdhury Ahmed; Ahmad, Faiz; Günister, Ebru; Foudzi, Farhana Mohd; Ali, Saad; Malik, Khurshid; Harun, Wan Sharuzi WanBenefits achieved by the biodegradable magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) implants could be suppressed due to the invasion of infectious microbial, common bacteria, and fungi. Postoperative medications and the antibacterial properties of pure Mg and Zn are insufficient against biofilm and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, bringing osteomyelitis, necrosis, and even death. This study evaluates the antibacterial performance of biodegradable Mg and Zn alloys of different reinforcements, including silver (Ag), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), and gallium (Ga). Copper ions (Cu2+) can eradicate biofilms and antibiotic-resistant bacteria by extracting electrons from the cellular structure. Silver ion (Ag+) kills bacteria by creating bonds with the thiol group. Gallium ion (Ga3+) inhibits ferric ion (Fe3+) absorption, leading to nutrient deficiency and bacterial death. Nanoparticles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can penetrate bacteria cell walls directly, develop bonds with receptors, and damage nucleotides. Antibacterial action depends on the alkali nature of metal ions and their degradation rate, which often causes cytotoxicity in living cells. Therefore, this review emphasizes the insight into degradation rate, antibacterial mechanism, and their consequent cytotoxicity and observes the correlation between antibacterial performance and oxidation number of metal ions.Yayın Mechanical investigation of kenaf/carbon hybrid composites for building and construction applications(American Society of Civil Engineers, 2024) Malik, Khurshid; Ahmad, Faiz; Yunus, Nurul Azhani; Günister, Ebru; Shahed, Chowdhury AhmedSingle-kenaf fiber-reinforced polymer composites are typically characterized by relatively low strength and stiffness properties that make them unsuitable for structural applications. However, they are lightweight, economical, and ecofriendly. This paper presents a study on the manufacturing and mechanical characterization of bidirectional kenaf (K) fiber-reinforced epoxy composites hybridized with carbon (C) fibers in various stacking sequences and the effects of hybridization on salient physical and mechanical properties. Single and hybrid fiber composites were fabricated utilizing the vacuum infusion molding technique. The density, tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear properties in hybrid composites increased significantly when carbon fiber volume increased from 9% to 16%. Stacking sequences in a hybrid affected the mechanical properties of the composites. The highest tensile strength and modulus were shown by the seven-layer hybrid composite with an alternate K/C stacking sequence and C layers as skin layers, i.e., C/K/C/K/C/K/C, among all tested hybrid composites. Sandwich design in the hybrid (C2/K3/C2) had higher flexural strength (+300%), flexural modulus (+414%), interlaminar shear strength (+278%), lower water absorption (−46%), and thickness swelling (−30%) compared to single-fiber kenaf/epoxy composites. Density increased by 5% in hybrid composites. The highest fracture toughness (+134%) was achieved using the dual sandwich design structure hybrid (C/K2/C2/K2/C). The developed composite has applications in stairways, walkways, and bridges.Yayın Microstructure and mechanical performance of low-cost biomedical-grade titanium-316L alloy(Elsevier, 2023) Shahed, Chowdhury Ahmed; Ahmad, Faiz; Günister, Ebru; Altaf, Khurram; Ali, Saad; Raza, Abbas; Malik, Khurshid; Haider, WaseemA 316L stainless steel (SS) alloy was developed with 1, 3, and 5 vol% titanium (Ti) reinforcement using the powder injection molding route, representing a low-cost option for biomedical implants. The investigation encompassed 1300 °C, 1350 °C, and 1380 °C sintering temperatures to ascertain the optimal physical and mechanical properties. Both sintering temperature and Ti influenced sintered density, and Ti mitigated the deleterious effects of residual carbon. At higher sintering temperatures, carbon and silicon tended to migrate and accumulate at the brink of Ti, leading to the formation of intermetallic compounds and increased brittleness. Dispersed Ti particles within the 316L matrix acted as nucleation sites and enhanced solid solubility with improved density. An astounding 96.11 % sintered density was achieved at 3 vol% Ti sample sintered at 1380 °C. During the tensile test, 5 vol% Ti at 1380 °C exhibited a low modulus of 58.9 GPa, which is highly desirable for orthopedic implant application. The XRD, SEM, tensile test, and nano-indentation results collectively provide evidence of beta-titanium formation during the sintering process. Conversely, the sample incorporating 3 vol% titanium, sintered at 1380 °C, demonstrated a balanced performance, showcasing 432.94 ± 12.8 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 3.06 ± 0.17 % elongation, 74.2 GPa modulus, and 322 MPa and 423 MPa 0.2 % offset flexural and compressive yield strengths, respectively. Notably, an improvised wear resistance test underscored its aptitude for sliding wear resistance, solidifying its potential as a promising candidate for biomedical implants.Yayın Physical and mechanical properties of kenaf/flax hybrid composites(Wiley Online Library, 2023) Malik, Khurshid; Ahmad, Faiz; Yunus, Nurul Azhani; Günister, Ebru; Ali, Saad; Raza, AliThis research investigates the physical and mechanical properties of hybrid composites made of epoxy reinforced by kenaf and flax natural fibers to investigate the hybridization influences of the composites. Pure and hybrid composites were fabricated using bi-directional kenaf and flax fabrics at different stacking sequences utilizing the vacuum-assisted resin infusion method. The pure and hybrid composites' physical properties, such as density, fiber volume fraction (FVF), water absorption capacity, and dimensional stability, were measured. The tests of tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear and fracture toughness (Mode II) were examined to determine the mechanical properties. The results revealed that density remained unchanged for the hybrid compared to pure kenaf/epoxy composites. The tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear performance of flax/epoxy composite is improved by an increment of kenaf FVF in hybrid composites. The stacking sequence significantly affected the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. The highest tensile strength (59.8 MPa) was obtained for FK2 (alternative sequence of flax and kenaf fibers). However, FK3 (flax fiber located on the outer surfaces) had the highest interlaminar shear strength (12.5 MPa) and fracture toughness (3302.3 J/m(2)) among all tested hybrid composites. The highest water resistance was achieved for FK5 with the lowest thickness swelling.
