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Yayın Accessory muscles associated with the levator palpebrae superioris muscle in 100 cadavers(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Kale, Ayşin; Özbilen, Kemal Turgay; Önal, Vildan; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, ÖzcanPurpose: This study aimed to determine the variations of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and to reveal its morphological features. Methods: This study conducted on 100 adult orbit cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Istanbul University, used an exploratory, descriptive research design. The anatomical and morphological variations of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and its relationship with the superior ophthalmic vein were evaluated. Results: Variations of levator palpebrae superioris muscle were discovered in 11 of 100 orbits. Single (9%), double (1%), and triple (1%) accessory muscle slips were observed. The origin of accessory muscle slips showed variation as the accessory muscle slips originated either from the proximal or distal half of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Also, the insertions of accessory muscle slips were variable, as they were inserted into levator aponeurosis, trochlea, lacrimal gland, lateral orbital wall, or the fascia of the superior ophthalmic vein. Conclusions: Accessory muscles associated with levator aponeurosis were found in a significant proportion of cadavers. These muscles may cause confusion in orbital surgery and should be taken into account during surgical planning and orientation in the superior orbit.Yayın Analysis of the thigh aesthetic profiles: One of physical ideal body proportions(Springer, 2024) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Govsa, Figen; Gökmen, Gökhan; Biçer, AhmetBackground The contour of the thigh is increasingly being recognized as crucial component of the ideal human physique, giving rise to heightened interest in attaining the perfect thigh profile. Notwithstanding, the contemporary landscape of cosmetic surgery appears to be bereft of efficient and precise objective methodologies to evaluate the outcomes of thigh contouring treatments. The present study is aimed to investigate the aesthetic appeal of varying thigh contours, employing specialized software as an indispensable instrument for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Methods Standardized photographs of the lower body were obtained from a sample of 200 healthy volunteers. A linear analysis was conducted, examining aspects such as the vertical length and transvers width of the thigh, as well as angular measurements including the posterior gluteal angle (PGA) and lateral angle thigh (LAT). Variables relating to thigh measurements and body mass index (BMI) were documented, with the relationships between them ascertained through Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis. Results In males, the LAT was measured at 168 ± 3.9, and the PGA at 170 ± 3.4, while in females, these measurements were 166 ± 2.8 ve 166 ± 2.8, respectively. Linear analyses, including the vertical length of thigh (VLT), transverse width of thigh (TWT), lateral width (LW), and posterior width (PW), were conducted. Based on the LW inferior/LW superior ratio values, the most commonly observed thigh types were Type III (0.90) at 45% and Type II (0.85) at 24.75% while the least common was Type V at 4% (0.99). PW inferior/PW superior was 84.7%. The PWI/PWS ratio was highest for Type V, at 0.99, accounting for 84.70% of the total. Furthermore, an increase in the LWI/LWS ratio leads to an increase in the PWI/PWS ratio. The frequency of the VLT/TW1 ratio 0.31-0.35 (Type 3) was found to be on the left side and Type 4 on the right side. A strong correlation was found between BMI and all thigh indexes, with a significant positive correlation between the index and factors tied to the buttocks and upper thigh. Conclusions The concept of an ideal thigh may vary based on an individual’s gender, race, country of residence, and self-esteem, aiming to achieve a more natural silhouette. Focusing on the different ratios of hip and thigh varieties in the study is quite intriguing. Further inquiry and rigorous exploration are warranted to delineate the optimal techniques and methodologies for attaining ideal thigh proportions. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.Yayın Anatomical features of posterior cerebral arteries and basilar artery in 170 anatolian fresh cadavers: Implications for surgical planning and intervention(Elsevier, 2024) Nas, Emine; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Şahan, Orhun; Kale, Ayşin; Dolaş, İlyas; Çakır, Halit; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, ÖzcanBackground The posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) are terminal branches of basilar artery (BA) and are responsible for the primary supply of the occipital lobe. Saccular aneurysm is most commonly seen close to the bifurcation of the BA.Various surgical interventions are performed for aneurysms.Therefore, the anatomy and localization of the BA and PCA are crucial.The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of these arteries in a large Anatolian population. Methods A total of 170 fresh cadavers from Department of Morgue, the Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey were included in the study.The diameters of the BA and PCA were measured. Correlations according to gender and age groups were analyzed. The Q1, Q2 and Q3 angles between the right and left PCA, between the right PCA and BA and between the left PCA and BA, respectively, were measured.The location of the PCA relative to the SP was also evaluated. Results It was noted that the diameter of the artery increased with age and was higher in males than in females.Q1 and Q2 diameters were higher in males while Q3 angle was higher in females.The Q1 angle between the right and left PCAs was found to be higher in 40-59 years old with a mean of 87.33±17.91mm.Finally, the bifurcation point of the PCA was most frequently located above the SP and least frequently located on SP. Conclusion We believe that the findings of our study will contribute to the planning of surgical approaches, the development of endovascular devices, the success of invasive procedures and the reduction of complications.Yayın Anatomical features of sella turcica with comprehensive literature review(Associação Médica Brasileira, 2023) Önal, Vildan; Evren, Ayşegül; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Metin Tellioğlu, AyferOBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the relationship between skeletal patterns and the frequency of sella turcica bridging in a sample of young Turkish adults in order to provide a better understanding of the relationship between craniofacial morphology and sella turcica abnormalities. METHODS: A total of 90 individuals aged between 18 and 25 years were examined in this study. The individuals were classified according to their skeletal pattern, specifically Class I, Class II, and Class III. Each group consisted of 15 males and 15 females. The length, depth, and anteroposterior diameter of sella turcica were calculated. The shape and bridging of sella turcica were estimated using lateral cephalometric images. All data were correlated and statistically analyzed according to skeletal patterns, genders, and age. RESULTS: The mean length, depth, and anteroposterior diameter of sella turcica were 7.02±2.13, 7.56±1.38, and 10.54±1.3 mm in Classes I–III, respectively. There was no significant difference between the dimensions of sella turcica according to gender and age (p˃0.05). The length of sella turcica was larger in Class III, and the depth of sella turcica was larger in Class II individuals (p<0.05). A total of 44.4% of the individuals had normal sella turcica, while the remaining 56.6% had other types of sella turcica. It was determined that 31.1% of the individuals have no calcification, 62.2% had partial calcification, and 6.7% had total calcification. CONCLUSION: The normal dimensions, shape, and bridging of the sella turcica can be used by the orthodontist for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of various pathological conditions associated with the sella turcicaYayın Angles of needle insertion for true vocal fold access via the thyrohyoid and cricothyroid membranes of the larynx(Elsevier, 2023) Sarı, Elif; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Temirbekov, Dastan; Aliyeva, Aynur; Gürses, İlke AliObjective This study aims to provide an analysis of the cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membrane approaches for laryngeal injections in cadaveric vocal cords. The primary objective is to determine the optimal techniques, needle trajectories, and anatomical landmarks for accessing different regions of the vocal cords percutaneously. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 23 adult cadavers, consisting of 8 females and 15 males. The cadaveric larynges were mounted vertically to ensure proper anatomical positioning. Both the cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membrane approaches were utilized for reaching the vocal cords. Measurements were taken for needle trajectories, angles, and distances to determine the optimal approach for accessing the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the vocal cord. Results Through the thyrohyoid membrane approach, the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the vocal cords can be accessed with the optimal needle insertion coronal angles of 15.46 ± 7.86°, 16.52 ± 7.15° and 18.29 ± 14.46°, and sagittal angles of 126.01 ± 9.65°, 116.67 ± 8.04° and 111.02 ± 8.86° respectively at a lateral distance of 1.92 ± 1.62 mm from the midline and 8.48 ± 2.73 mm below the vertical line. From the cricothyroid membrane approach, optimal coronal and sagittal insertion angles of the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the vocal cord were respectively: 158.95 ± 9.3°, 156.09 ± 11.59°, 152.4 ± 14.46°, 11.5 ± 7.77°, 21.83 ± 12.47° and 32.91 ± 12.59°. Conclusion This analysis of the cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membrane approaches in cadaveric larynges provides valuable insights for clinicians and researchers in the field of laryngology. The findings serve as a reference for optimizing laryngeal injection techniques, enhancing patient outcomes, and minimizing complications.Yayın Biometric analysis hand parameters in young adults for prosthetic hand and ergonomic product applications(Korean Association of Anatomists, 2024) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Pınar, Yelda; Govsa, FigenThis study aimed to evaluate the superficial anatomy, kinesiology, and functions of the hand to reveal its morphometry and apply the findings in various fields such as prosthetic hand and protective hand support product design. We examined 51 young adults (32 females, 19 males) aged between 18-30. Hand photographs were taken, and measurements were conducted using ImageJ software. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between personal information and the parameters. The results of the measurements showed the average lengths of finger segments: thumb (49.5±5.5 mm), index finger (63.9±4.1 mm), middle finger (70.7±5.2 mm), ring finger (65.5±4.8 mm), and little finger (53.3±4.3 mm). Both females and males, the left index finger was measured longer than the right index finger. The right ring finger was found to be longer than the left in both sexes. Additionally, length differences between fingers in extended and maximally adducted positions were determined: thumb-index finger (56.1±6.2 mm), index-middle finger (10.7±4.1 mm), middle-ring finger (10.8±1.4 mm), and ring-little finger (25.6±2.7 mm). Other findings included the average radial natural angle (56.4°±10.5°), ulnar natural angle (23.4°±7.1°), radial deviation angle (65.2°±8.2°), ulnar deviation angle (51.2°±9.6°), and grasping/gripping angle (49.1°±5.8°). The average angles between fingers in maximum abduction positions were also measured: thumb-index finger (53.4°±6.5°), index-middle finger (17.2°±2.6°), middle-ring finger (14.3°±2.3°), and ring-little finger (32.1°±7.0°). The study examined the variability in the positioning of proximal interphalangeal joints during maximum metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal flexion, coinciding with maximum distal interphalangeal extension movements. The focal points of our observations were the asymmetrical and symmetrical arches formed by these joints. This study provides valuable hand parameters in young adults, which can be utilized in various applications such as prosthetic design, ergonomic product development, and hand-related research. The results highlight the significance of considering individual factors when assessing hand morphology and function.Yayın Clinical implications of aberrant anatomy of the common hepatic duct in liver surgery: a systematic review and meta‑analysis(Springer, 2024) Valenzuela‑Fuenzalida, Juan José; Avalos‑Díaz, Constanza; Droguett‑Utreras, Antonia; Guerra‑Loyola, Javier; Nova‑Baeza, Pablo; Orellana‑Donoso, Mathias; Suazo‑Santibañez, Alejandra; Oyanedel‑Amaro, Gustavo; Sanchis‑Gimeno, Juan; Bruna‑Mejias, Alejandro; Nteli Chatzioglou, GkionoulIntroduction: Knowledge of anatomical variants that affect the hepatic duct (HD) are of particular clinical relevance during hepatobiliary surgical procedures. More specifically, the aberrant anatomy of the common HD is the most common anatomical variation affecting the biliary tree. Below, we describe different classifications of anatomical variants that affect this canal. According to Huang's classification, variations are determined depending on the insertion of the right posterior hepatic duct (RPHD). Materials and methods: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases were investigated until January 2024. The methodological quality was assessed with an anatomical studies assurance tool (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. For the subgroup analysis, Student's T-test was used. Results: The prevalence rate of aberrant hepatic duct (AHD) was 15% (confidence interval [CI] of 7-22%). The first subgroup had cadavers and images. For the cadavers, the prevalence was 15.83% (CI: 11.22-18.3%), while the images had a prevalence of 22.06% (CI: 18.12-25.33%). This subgroup analysis showed no statistically significant difference between these groups (p = 0.127). The second subgroup comprised the continents where the included studies were from. In this subgroup, no statistically significant differences were found (p = 0.613). Finally, regarding the right or left laterality of the HD variant, there were no statistically significant differences (p = 0.089). Conclusion: A AHD corresponds to a finding that can occur in a significant percentage of our society, which could be an accidental discovery during surgeries or present asymptomatically throughout life and be a cadaveric discovery later. We believe it is important for surgeons to have prior knowledge of the possible variants of HD to prevent possible complications during and after surgery.Yayın Do the proximal ulnar angulations have correlations with each other? Anatomical study and review of the literature(Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, 2023) Sağlam, Latif; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Çandır, Buse Naz; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, ÖzcanObjective: The proximal ulna has a complex and unique architectural anatomy, therefore, its fractures are difficult to manage. This paper aimed to evaluate proximal ulnar angu-lations that contribute to the fixation and restoration of proximal ulna fractures in the Turkish population. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 107 Turkish adult ulnae (55 right, 52 left) whose age and sex were unknown. The ulnar length (UL), proximal distance of varus angulation (PDVA), and widths at the point of varus angulation were measured with a digital caliper. The proximal ulna torsion angle (PUTA), varus angulation (VA), proximal ulna dorsal angulation (PUDA), articular angle (AA), and olecranon–diaphysis angle (ODA) were measured with a goniometer. The statistical analysis was carried out at the SPSS 21.0 program (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The median UL was 251.97 mm (minimum: 196.84 – maximum: 497.76 mm), me-dian PDVA was 82.7 mm (minimum: 16.21 – maximum: 108.62 mm), mean total width was 15.04±1.84 mm, mean posterior-interosseous width was 13.72±2.37 mm and mean posterior-anterior width was 15.15±1.93 mm. The mean PUTA was 27.10°±9.04°, the me-dian VA was 14° (minimum: 5° – maximum: 23°), the median PUDA was 8° (minimum: -3° – maximum: 20°), the median AA was 25° (minimum: 19° – maximum: 39°), and the mean ODA was 17.39°±5.33°. A moderate negative correlation was detected between the PUDA and ODA (rs= -0.50, p<0.001). Conclusion: The mean proximal ulnar angulations in this study can be beneficial during surgery for the fixation of proximal ulna fractures. This study revealed the correlation be-tween proximal ulnar angulations in the Turkish population.Yayın Evaluation of errors encountered in photogrammetric studies on lower extremities(Pera Yayıncılık, 2023) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Yılar, Kader; Gövsa, Figen; Pınar, Yelda; Gayretli, ÖzcanObjective: The aim of our study is to reveal the errors that can be encountered during the shooting of photogrammetric studies on the lower extremities. Methods: We revealed the necessary tools that used during photogrammetry measurements of the lower limb. Also, the errors have been encountered of our two previous studies performed on photogrammetry of lower limbs. The technical errors or incorrect positioning of 20 from 220 volunteers were encountered. Results: The identified errors of 20 volunteers’ photographs related to lower limb were about the inadequate quality image, calibration, poor lightining, positioning error of trunk or parts of lower limb and clothes that cover the anatomical points affected the measurements. Conclusion: Photogrammetry is an important and useful tool for evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and efficacy monitoring. In anatomy, it is frequently used as a time-saving method in terms of measurement and evaluation in the laboratory, which can be applied and repeated for research. For this reason, errors that occur during the lower extremity have been reported and we think that it will be useful for studies on this part of the body and can be a guide.Yayın Frequency morphologic and morphometric properties and osseous relationships of Whitnall's tubercle(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Gayretli, Özcan; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Yılar, Kader; Coşkun, Osman; Özbilen, Kemal Turgay; Kale, AyşinWhitnall tubercle (WT) of the zygomatic bone is used as an anatomical landmark in some surgical approaches to the orbit. The authors aimed to determine the localization of WT by using some palpable bony landmarks and to reveal its morphological and morphometric features. Three hundred twenty-two zygomatic bones (167 right and 155 left) belonging to adults of unknown sex, were examined. An acetate prepared by drawing a clock with a dial on it was used to determine the localization of WT according to marginal tubercle and zygomatic arch. Distances between WT and frontozygomatic suture and lateral margin of the orbital rim were measured with digital calipers. One zygomatic bone had double tubercles, thus 321 bones were taken into consideration. Whitnall tubercle was determined in 284 of 321 zygomatic bones. 181 were classified as small, 10 as medium, and 93 as large. The position of the WT according to the marginal tubercle was at the 8, 9, and 10 o'clock positions on the left, and at 2, 3, and 4 o'clock on the right. The position of the WT according to the zygomatic arch was at the 9,10 and 11 o'clock positions on the left, and at the 1 and 2 o'clock positions on the right. Distances between the WT and lateral margin of the orbital rim and the frontozygomatic suture were measured meanly as 1.94±0.31 mm and 8.17±5.82 mm, respectively. The authors believe that the data obtained regarding WT will contribute to anatomy and surgical procedures of the related region.Yayın The medical lineage of the Monro family: the clinical contributions of Alexander Monro secundus(Springer, 2024) Nas, Emine; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Kale, Ayşin; Gayretli, ÖzcanThe Monro family has served 126 years as chair of anatomy at Edinburgh University for three generations [1]. Alexander Monro secundus (Fig. 1a), together with his father and son (Alexander Monro primus (Fig. 1b), Alexander Monro tertius (Fig. 1c)), has made Edinburgh University an internationally important center for medical learning [2].Yayın Morphological and morphometric variations of the hyoid bone in anatolian population(AVES, 2023) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Toklu, Elif; Bayraktar, Elif; Ertaş, Ahmet; Kale, Ayşin; Coşkun, Osman; Öztürk, Adnan; Gayretli, ÖzcanObjective: The morphological and morphometric variations of the hyoid bone (os hyoideum) are known to be significant in cervical surgeries and also serve as important evidence in forensic cases involving hanging and strangulation. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological and morphometric differences of the hyoid bone. Methods: Sixty-four adult hyoid bones of unknown age and gender were used in our study. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee (date/number: 15.12.2021/632888). The bone shape variations were classified into four main groups: D, U, B, and V types according to the morphometric measurements of the hyoid bone. Also the hyoid bones were evaluated based on their symmetry and isometry properties. Morphometric measurements were analyzed for reliability and repeatability using TEM, rTEM, and R tests, with the same person measuring twice. Measurements were calculated using the Image J program. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.21. Results: The percentages of D, U, B, and V types were found to be 53.84%, 23.07%, 15.38%, and 11.53%, respectively. Among the hyoid bones, 34 (53.12%) were found to be asymmetrical, 30 (46.88%) symmetrical, 35 (54.69%) anisometric, and 29 (45.31%) were isometric. Conclusion: Our study’s results indicate that the hyoid bone of Anatolian individuals exhibits morphological differences compared to other populations. Understanding the morphological and morphometric values of the hyoid bone can contribute to clinical and forensic applicationsYayın Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the nasolacrimal groove in 150 dry bones in the Anatolian population(Springer, 2024) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Önal, Vildan; Gayretli, ÖzcanPupose In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anatomical features of the nasolacrimal groove in detail by providing a mor phological classifcation based on morphometric evaluations of the nasolacrimal groove. Methods A total of 150 sagittal dry bones in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University were evaluated. The length and the width at diferent points of the nasolacrimal canal were calculated. According to the widths of the nasolacrimal canal ten diferent morphological types were revealed. Results The length of the canal was found as mean 13.62±2.42 mm on the right and 12.44±2.68 mm on the left side. The entrance, the base, the upper and the lower thirds of nasolacrimal canal were 6.22±1.19 mm, 7.95±1.85 mm, 5.85±1.06 mm, 6.60±1.54 mm, on the right and 6.08±1.16 mm, 7.24±1.64 mm, 5.45±1.29 mm, 6.23±1.48 mm, on the left side, respectively. The width of the entrance of the nasolacrimal canal was the narrowest width compared to the base, upper and lower thirds in 7/10 types of 71/150 cranial bones. Conclusion This comprehensive morphological classifcation of the nasolacrimal groove sheds new light on its complex variations. We support that the fnding of this study has the potential to improve the precision of diagnostic assessments and guide specifc therapeutic interventions for patients with lacrimal drainage disorders.Yayın Pioneer anatomist of his time: Raymond de Vieussens (1641–1715)(Springer, 2024) Kaçur, İdil; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Gayretli, ÖzcanA little town called Vieussens in the French department of Rouergue is where Raymond de Vieussens was born in 1641 (Fig. 1). The exact year of Vieussen’s birth is uncertain. According to some historians, it might have happened in 1633 or 1635 [1, 2]. Early in his career, Vieussens enrolled in Rodez, a tiny city in Southern France, as a philosophy student. Then, he subsequently relocated to Montpellier, where he started his exciting career in anatomical research and medicine at the renowned university that bears the city’s name. Vieussens’ experience as a medical graduate from the University of Montpellier helped him develop his profession as a passion ate anatomical researcher. This prestigious institution was linked to anatomical luminaries like Jean Pecquet, Andreas Vesalius, and Jacobus Sylvius. It was therefore not surpris ing that Vieussens chose anatomical study as his job [3]Yayın Robert Heinrich Johannes Sobotta (1869-1945): The great author of the most widely used anatomy atlas in medical education(AVES, 2024) Önal, Vildan; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Gayretli, ÖzcanIn 1904 Sobotta’s Atlas of Descriptive Human Anatomy was published for the first time. At that time still divided into three volumes and published by Verlag Lehmann in Munich, the atlas was completely revised in 1982 and restructured into two volumes. Although the atlas has been revised several times since it was first published almost a hundred years ago. After starting out in Berlin, Sobotta worked for twenty-one years at the Anatomical Institute in Würzburg. Here he spent most of his scientific work and created his most important works. A brief three-year stint as director of the Anatomical Institute at the University of Königsberg followed before Sobotta became director of the Anatomical Institute in Bonn in 1919, where he taught until his retirement. The study paper is intended to provide a more detailed insight into the life and work of the scientist, whose name is known to almost every physician and healthcare professional.Yayın The course of the phrenic nerve in the neck region and its relationship with adjacent anatomical structures in the thoracic inlet(Springer, 2024) Yıldız, Nilay; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Coşkun, Osman; Kale, Ayşin; Gayretli, ÖzcanPupose: This study aims to reveal the relationship of the phrenic nerve (PhN) with its neighboring structures in the lower neck region more comprehensively than previous studies and to minimize nerve damage by enabling invasive procedures in this region to be performed with high accuracy. Methods: Forty-one heminecks were evaluated. The relationship between the PhN and the anterior scalene muscle (ASM), internal thoracic artery (ITA), branches of subclavian artery (SA) and subclavian vein (SV) was examined. Results: It was observed that the PhN was located medial to the ASM in all cases. The distances were higher in male cadavers. The PhN was found to enter the thorax lateral to the ITA in 15/41 and medial to it in 25/41 sides. In 17/41 cases, the closest SA branch to the PhN was the thyrocervical trunk (TT) and in 24 cases the ITA. The PhN was located behind the SV in 38 cases and in front of it in 2 cases.The accessory PhN was found in 4/41 sides. There was no significant difference in morphometric findings between genders (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed between the parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The anatomy and variations of the PhN are of great importance in surgical interventions and invasive procedures in the neck region. The study provides important information to reduce the risk of damage to the PhN in surgical procedures. In addition, knowledge of the anatomical variations of the nerve may contribute to more successful results in nerve grafting and other surgical applications.Yayın Variations in the course of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and their importance in surgical procedures: an experimental cadaveric study(Index Copernicus, 2023) Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Sarı, Elif; Gayretli, Özcan; Coşkun, Osman; Öztürk, Adnan; Gürses, İlke AliIntroduction: Injury of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can cause a hoarse or weak voice due to the functional loss (dysergia) of the cricothyroid muscle. Defining the anatomical variations of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and estimating the frequency of it, it makes crucial for surgical interventions. Aim: To reveal the topography of the external branch in the Anatolian population, to prevent injury of it during the surgical intervention in the anterior neck region. Materials and methods: Twenty-six bilateral hemilarynges (4 females, 22 males) were dissected. The morphometric and morphological features of the external branch were examined. The obtained results were compared statistically left and right. Results: Landmarks such as the thyroid gland and laryngeal prominence were determined for the detection of the external branch. The variations of the course of the external branch and the points of piercing the cricothyroid muscle or inferior constrictor pharyngeal muscle were evaluated. Discussion: Although safe approaches have been described for nerve protection during neck surgeries, it can expose injuries during preliminary surgery approaches as the nerve is thinner and more superficial than other branches of the vagus nerve. However, it can be detected more easily and safely during the surgical approach by knowing the defined anatomical landmarks and morphological variations of the external branch. Conclusion: The anatomical variations described can be a safe and important guide in surgical approaches to be applied in the anterior neck region.Yayın The variations of osseous structure of the internal acoustic canal: an anatomical study(Brazilian Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, 2024) Sarı, Elif; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Temirbekov, Dastan; Aliyeva, Aynur; Öztürk, Adnan; Gürses, İlke AliObjectives: The internal acoustic meatus is an osseous canal that connects the inner ear to the posterior cranial fossa. It is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. A thin cribriform osseous plate known as the fundus is situated at the lateral end of the canal. This study assesses the structural and numerical variations of the fundus formations. Methods: Fifty-four temporal bones of unknown gender and age were examined with the surgical microscope. Results: The temporal bones analyzed were 46.2% right-sided and 53.7% left-sided. Only one temporal bone had two parallel transverse crests, while three had a single anterior crest that split into two branches posteriorly. The number of foramina at the transverse crest varied, with 29.6% having none, 48.1% having a single foramen, and 22.2% having several foramina. An anterior crest structure was seen in 53.7% of the temporal bones, with 5% having a slightly constricted entry to the facial canal. In cases with a single nerve foramen, 48.1% had one, while 51.8% had more than one, including examples with three or four foramina. A crest was found between the foramina of the single nerve in 7% of patients. Furthermore, a crest between the saccular nerve foramen and the high fiber foramina was seen in 25.9% of cases, and 5% had two saccular nerve foramina. Conclusion: We think that revealing the anatomical, structural and numerical variations in the fundus will be useful in explaining the disease-symptom relationship.
