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    Use of dietary supplements in Turkish professional soccer players: Preliminary data
    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2022) Günalan, Elif; Yıldırım Çavak, Betül; Turhan, Saadet; Kaya Cebioğlu, İrem; Domínguez, Raúl; Sanchez-Oliver, Antonio Jesús
    The usage of dietary supplements (DS) is a potential strategy to achieve success for professional soccer players who have a very challenging schedule with national and international competitions. The aim of this study is to evaluation the DS consumption and related issues of Turkish soccer players. 117 professional soccer players (79 male and 38 female) participated to the study. All the participants completed DS consumption related spesific questionnaire which including parts of demographic properties, sports/ training and consumption of DS. According to results, 87.2% (n=102) of participants declared consuming at least one supplement. Consumption of DS was determined a higher amount in males than females (93.7% vs. 73.6%). The average number of consumed DS (plus the std. dev.) by the participants was calculated as 7.4 ± 7.0 (10.1 ± 7.5 in males vs. in females 4.0 ± 4.3). The mostly consumed DS were sports drinks (63.2%), magnesium (52.1%), vitamin C (51.3%), vitamin D (46.2%), caffein (38.5%), sports bar (28.2%), whey protein (28.2%), meat protein (25.6%), vitamin E (24.7%), omega 3 fatty acids (24.8%), zinc (23.1%), electrolites (22.2%) and iron (22.2%). The major reason for consumption of DS was to increase the sport performance (65.8%). Most common sites of purchase were soccer club (38.5%), pharmacy (25.6%) and internet (18.8%). Main sources of DS consuming motivation were dietitian (39.3%) and physical trainer (35%). Consumption of DS was widely common behaviour among Turkish professional soccer players. However, it has been observed that there were majör differences in consumption awareness of DS among soccer players who were different sexes. In the further analysis and studies, the investigation of the consumption of DS within the framework of legality, effectiveness and reliability will be important in terms of protection and improvement the health of soccer players.
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    Use of nutritional supplements in Turkish elite skiers: Preliminary data
    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal – Escola Superior de Educação, 2023) Turhan, Saadet; Altınok, Öykü; Yıldırım Çavak, Betül; Kaya Cebioğlu, İrem; Sanchez-Oliver, Antonio Jesús; Günalan, Elif; Leitão, Luis
    Winter sports athletes challenge with increased energy expenditure, glycogen utilization, and fluid loss due to cold environmental conditions. Nutritional supplements (NS) may provide various benefits such as improved health or performance, more effective training, and a direct performance advantage to winter sports athletes such as skiers. This study aims to investigate NS consumption in Turkish elite skiers of different competition levels. Fifty-five elite male skiers completed the online specific survey about NS consumption, which included sections on demographics, sport/training, and NS consumption. However, thirty participants were excluded from the study due to being under the age of 18. Surveys of 25 elite athletes were analyzed (44.0% of all in national competitions vs. 56.0% of all in international competitions). The disciplines of participants were alpine skiing (76.0%), cross-country skiing (20%), and snowboarding (4%). 88.0% (n=22) of the participants declared that they consumed at least one supplement. The mostly consumed NS were vitamin D (16.0%), green tea (16.0%), omega-3 fatty acids (12.0%), vitamin C (12.0%), caffeine (12.0%), and whey protein (12.0%). The major reasons for NS consumption were to increase sports performance (32.0%) and to take care of health (24.0%). The most common sites of purchase were pharmacies (32.0%) and the Internet (16.0%). The main sources of NS-consuming motivation were physicians (24.0%) and self-advice (20.0%). NS consumption moderately appeared among Turkish male skiers. Unconscious or excessive use of NS may impair performance and pose a risk to the health of the winter sports athlete. Therefore, it should be questioned medically, physiologically, culturally, and ethically whether the athletes have the necessary knowledge to make an informed choice in future studies.