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    Dietary supplement use of Turkish footballers: differences by sex and competition level
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2022) Günalan, Elif; Yıldırım Çavak, Betül; Turhan, Saadet; Kaya Cebioğlu, İrem; Domínguez, Raúl; Sánchez-Oliver, Antonio Jesús
    Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of dietary supplements (DS) and to determine related topics in Turkish football players of different sexes and competition levels. A total of 117 footballers (79 males and 38 females) completed a specific survey regarding DS consumption in athletes. The type of DS ingested was classified based on the level of scientific evidence by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS): group A (high level of scientific evidence), group B (DS that could have a positive effect, but require more evidence), group C (evidence is against their use), and group D (prohibited substances). After a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, a t-test or Mann–Whitney U test was performed for quantitative variables, while Pearson’s chi-square and odds ratio (with the confidence interval) were performed for qualitative variables. Of the sample, 87.2% reported having consumed DS, with a higher consumption rate in males (males: 93.7%, females: 73.7%; p = 0.006; OR = 5.3 [1.7–16.8]) and professional players (professional: 98.2%, non-professional: 77.4%; p < 0.001; OR = 7.9 [1.2–52.3]). Males and professional players consume more sports foods (p < 0.001), performance supplements (p < 0.001), and total group A supplements (p < 0.001) compared to females and non-professionals. In addition, males consume more medical supplements (p = 0.012) and total group C supplements (p < 0.001) than female footballers. The most consumed DS were sports drinks (63.2%), magnesium (52.1%), vitamin C (51.3%), vitamin D (46.2%), caffeine (38.5%), sports bars (37.6%), whey protein (28.2%), meat protein (25.6%), vitamin E (24.8%), and omega-3 fatty acids (24.8%). The supplement consumption was higher in male and professional footballers. According to the AIS classification, there were significant differences in the consumption of sports foods, medical supplements, performance supplements, and the total number of group A and group C supplements according to sex, and there were significant differences in the consumption of sports foods, performance supplements, and the total number of group A supplements according to competition level.
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    The evaluation of videos about branched-chain amino acids supplements on YouTube™: A multi-approach study
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2022) Günalan, Elif; Turhan, Saadet; Yıldırım Çavak, Betül; Kaya Cebioğlu, İrem; Çonak, Özge
    Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are one of the most controversial ergogenic aids in terms of effectiveness and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of BCAA supplements related to English videos on YouTube™ and to synthesize with the sentiment–emotion analysis of comments on videos. The content analysis of the information on videos was evaluated with the use of DISCERN, Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and Global Quality Score (GQS). In addition, word cloud and sentiment and emotional analysis of comments in videos were performed with the R package. As a result, the mean ± standard error values of DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores of all videos were 29.27 ± 1.97, 1.95 ± 0.12, and 2.13 ± 0.17, respectively. It was found that advertisement-free videos have a significantly higher DISCERN and GQS score than advertisement-included videos (p < 0.05). A moderately significant positive correlation was determined between DISCERN score of video content and the positive sentiment of video comments (rs: 0.400, p = 0.002). In conclusion, it was determined that BCAA-related YouTube™ videos have mostly very poor quality in terms of content and that videos with higher quality may receive positive comments from viewers according to the DISCERN instrument.
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    Quality and reliability analysis of youtube videos about branched-chain amino acids supplements: a pilot study
    (ICBH, 2022) Günalan, Elif; Turhan, Saadet; Yıldırım Çavak, Betül; Kaya Cebioğlu, İrem; Çonak, Özge; Acaröz, Ulaş
    Abstract: The branched-chain amino acids (i.e. leucine, isoleucine and valine) (BCAA) play role in stimulating protein synthesis, recovery processes from exercise and protection of mental health after prolonged exercise. However, unconscious intake of BCAA supplements may contribute to the progression of pathological conditions such as renal failure and cancer, especially in unhealthy people. Social media tools such as YouTube and etc. are effective platforms to promote the use of such supplements. The aim of the study was to determine quality and reliability of branched-chain amino acids supplements related English videos on YouTube. “BCAA” and “BCAA supplements” terms were searched as key words and the mostly viewed 100 videos were obtained for each term. Unrelated to BCAA, non-Turkish and duplicated videos were excluded from study. Following the exclusion criteria, 9 videos were selected from 200 videos. The duration of videos, the number of like, the number of views and job of the person in the video were recorded. The quality and reliability of information on videos were evaluated using DISCERN, Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and global quality score. The job of the person in videos was mostly fitness trainer (%88). The mean of DISCERN score was 41.5 ± 13.2, the mean of JAMA score was 1.2 ± 0.4 and the mean of global quality score was 2.6 ± 1.1. There was significantly positive correlation between JAMA score and video duration (r=0.8, p<0.05). According to findings, mostly viewed Turkish videos about BCAA were mostly low and average quality. Sports supplements are products consumed globally, and large-scale studies with much more videos are needed to identify the potential risk.
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    Use of dietary supplements in Turkish professional soccer players: Preliminary data
    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2022) Günalan, Elif; Yıldırım Çavak, Betül; Turhan, Saadet; Kaya Cebioğlu, İrem; Domínguez, Raúl; Sanchez-Oliver, Antonio Jesús
    The usage of dietary supplements (DS) is a potential strategy to achieve success for professional soccer players who have a very challenging schedule with national and international competitions. The aim of this study is to evaluation the DS consumption and related issues of Turkish soccer players. 117 professional soccer players (79 male and 38 female) participated to the study. All the participants completed DS consumption related spesific questionnaire which including parts of demographic properties, sports/ training and consumption of DS. According to results, 87.2% (n=102) of participants declared consuming at least one supplement. Consumption of DS was determined a higher amount in males than females (93.7% vs. 73.6%). The average number of consumed DS (plus the std. dev.) by the participants was calculated as 7.4 ± 7.0 (10.1 ± 7.5 in males vs. in females 4.0 ± 4.3). The mostly consumed DS were sports drinks (63.2%), magnesium (52.1%), vitamin C (51.3%), vitamin D (46.2%), caffein (38.5%), sports bar (28.2%), whey protein (28.2%), meat protein (25.6%), vitamin E (24.7%), omega 3 fatty acids (24.8%), zinc (23.1%), electrolites (22.2%) and iron (22.2%). The major reason for consumption of DS was to increase the sport performance (65.8%). Most common sites of purchase were soccer club (38.5%), pharmacy (25.6%) and internet (18.8%). Main sources of DS consuming motivation were dietitian (39.3%) and physical trainer (35%). Consumption of DS was widely common behaviour among Turkish professional soccer players. However, it has been observed that there were majör differences in consumption awareness of DS among soccer players who were different sexes. In the further analysis and studies, the investigation of the consumption of DS within the framework of legality, effectiveness and reliability will be important in terms of protection and improvement the health of soccer players.
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    Use of nutritional supplements in Turkish elite skiers: Preliminary data
    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal – Escola Superior de Educação, 2023) Turhan, Saadet; Altınok, Öykü; Yıldırım Çavak, Betül; Kaya Cebioğlu, İrem; Sanchez-Oliver, Antonio Jesús; Günalan, Elif; Leitão, Luis
    Winter sports athletes challenge with increased energy expenditure, glycogen utilization, and fluid loss due to cold environmental conditions. Nutritional supplements (NS) may provide various benefits such as improved health or performance, more effective training, and a direct performance advantage to winter sports athletes such as skiers. This study aims to investigate NS consumption in Turkish elite skiers of different competition levels. Fifty-five elite male skiers completed the online specific survey about NS consumption, which included sections on demographics, sport/training, and NS consumption. However, thirty participants were excluded from the study due to being under the age of 18. Surveys of 25 elite athletes were analyzed (44.0% of all in national competitions vs. 56.0% of all in international competitions). The disciplines of participants were alpine skiing (76.0%), cross-country skiing (20%), and snowboarding (4%). 88.0% (n=22) of the participants declared that they consumed at least one supplement. The mostly consumed NS were vitamin D (16.0%), green tea (16.0%), omega-3 fatty acids (12.0%), vitamin C (12.0%), caffeine (12.0%), and whey protein (12.0%). The major reasons for NS consumption were to increase sports performance (32.0%) and to take care of health (24.0%). The most common sites of purchase were pharmacies (32.0%) and the Internet (16.0%). The main sources of NS-consuming motivation were physicians (24.0%) and self-advice (20.0%). NS consumption moderately appeared among Turkish male skiers. Unconscious or excessive use of NS may impair performance and pose a risk to the health of the winter sports athlete. Therefore, it should be questioned medically, physiologically, culturally, and ethically whether the athletes have the necessary knowledge to make an informed choice in future studies.