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    A global survey on the use of the international classification of diseases codes for metabolic dysfunction‑associated fatty liver disease
    (2024) Zhang, Huai; Targher, Giovanni; Byrne, Christopher D.; Kim, Seung Up; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun; Valenti, Luca; Glickman, Myer; Ponce, Jaime; Mantzoros, Christos S.; Örmeci, Necati; Zou, Zhuo-Lin
    Background: With the implementation of the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the publication of the metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) nomenclature in 2020, it is important to establish consensus for the coding of MAFLD in ICD-11. This will inform subsequent revisions of ICD-11. Methods: Using the Qualtrics XM and WJX platforms, questionnaires were sent online to MAFLD-ICD-11 coding collaborators, authors of papers, and relevant association members. Results: A total of 890 international experts in various fields from 61 countries responded to the survey. We also achieved full coverage of provincial-level administrative regions in China. 77.1% of respondents agreed that MAFLD should be represented in ICD-11 by updating NAFLD, with no significant regional differences (77.3% in Asia and 76.6% in non-Asia, p = 0.819). Over 80% of respondents agreed or somewhat agreed with the need to assign specific codes for progressive stages of MAFLD (i.e. steatohepatitis) (92.2%), MAFLD combined with comorbidities (84.1%), or MAFLD subtypes (i.e., lean, overweight/obese, and diabetic) (86.1%). Conclusions: This global survey by a collaborative panel of clinical, coding, health management and policy experts, indicates agreement that MAFLD should be coded in ICD-11. The data serves as a foundation for corresponding adjustments in the ICD-11 revision.
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    The Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
    (Springer, 2025) Eslam, Mohammed; Fan, Jian-Gao; Yu, Ming-Lung; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun; Cua, Ian Homer; Liu, Chun-Jen; Tanwandee, Tawesak; Örmeci, Necati; K. Sarin, Shiv; George, Jacob
    Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) affects over one-fourth of the global adult population and is the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. To address this, the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) has created clinical practice guidelines focused on MAFLD. The guidelines cover various aspects of the disease, such as its epidemiology, diagnosis, screening, assessment, and treatment. The guidelines aim to advance clinical practice, knowledge, and research on MAFLD, particularly in special groups. The guidelines are designed to advance clinical practice, to provide evidence-based recommendations to assist healthcare stakeholders in decision-making and to improve patient care and disease awareness. The guidelines take into account the burden of clinical management for the healthcare sector.