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Dual etiology vs. MetALD: how MAFLD and MASLD address liver diseases coexistence
(OAE Publishing, 2025) Zerehpooshnesfchi, Shadi; Lonardo, Amedeo; Fan, Jian-Gao; Elwakil, Reda; Tanwandee, Tawesak; Altarrah, Munira; Örmeci, Necati; Eslam, Mohammed
Fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction has emerged as a significant global health challenge. This condition often coexists with other liver diseases, such as alcohol-related liver disease and viral hepatitis, complicating both diagnosis and management. To address the limitations of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) classification, two alternative frameworks have been proposed: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in 2020 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in 2023. A key difference between these definitions is how they consider fatty liver disease in relation to the coexistence of other liver conditions. MAFLD adopts a dual etiology concept, creating a unified classification system that aligns with contemporary clinical and epidemiological needs. In contrast, MASLD introduces a new term, MetALD (metabolic and alcohol-related/associated liver disease), to describe patients who have both metabolic dysfunction and excessive alcohol intake. This review critically examines the clinical, research, and epidemiological implications of the differing approaches of MAFLD and MASLD, offering insights into their potential to enhance the understanding and management of multi-etiology liver diseases.
A comprehensive morphological and morphometric study of the spinoglenoid notch and ligament/ membrane: Possible clinical relevance of suprascapular nerve entrapment
(Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Coşkun, Osman; Gürses, İlke Ali; Gayretli, Özcan; Kale, Ayşin; Kına, Adnan; Usta, Ahmet; Şahinoğlu, Kayıhan; Öztürk, Adnan
Objective: This study aimed to determine the anatomical fea tures and clinical significance of the spinoglenoid notch and spinoglenoid ligament-membrane as well as the branches of the suprascapular nerve to the infraspinatus muscle as these struc tures may cause compression of this nerve. Material and Methods: Fifty sides (25 right and 25 left) were studied on 26 fixed cadavers belonging to the Department of Anatomy, İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine. The suprascapular nerve branches to the infraspinatus muscle and spinoglenoid ligament-membrane were examined in cadavers, and the spinoglenoid notch was investigated in 50 dry scapulae. Result: The suprascapular nerve had two branches to the in fraspinatus muscle in 22 cadavers on 37 sides (74%) and three branches to this muscle in 11 cadavers on 13 sides (26%). On 31 sides the spinoglenoid membrane and on 19 sides the spinoglenoid ligament were observed. Related to the spinoglenoid notch, the mean width was 17.17±2.17 mm, and the mean depth was 17.45±2.03 mm in calliper measurements on dry bones, while the mean width was 16.99±1.88 mm, the mean depth was 17.73±2 mm and the mean area was 282.04±55.27 mm² in com puted tomography measurements. Conclusion: The presented data regarding the spinoglenoid notch in which the suprascapular nerve is frequently compressed and the branches of the suprascapular nerve to the infraspinatus muscle may guide the surgical treatment of the related entrap ment syndrome.
Nanodelivery approaches of phytoactives for skin cancers: Current and future perspectives
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2025) Algın Yapar, Evren; Özdemir, Merve Nur; Durgun, Meltem Ezgi; Akbal Dağıstan, Özlem; Cavalu, Simona; Özsoy, Yıldız; Kartal, Murat
In recent years, there has been an increase in skin cancers due to external factors, especially environmental factors, and studies on treatment alternatives have gained importance. Nanomaterials are common, from sunscreen formulas to formulations designed to treat skin cancers at various stages. Using bioactives has multiple effects in treating skin cancers, which provides many advantages. In this regard, many phytochemicals gain importance with their antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and analgesic effects. Their delivery with nanocarriers is on the agenda for phytochemicals to gain the targeted stability, effectiveness, and toxicity/safety properties. This review presents types of skin cancers, phytochemicals effective in skin cancers, and their nanocarrier-loaded studies from an up-to-date perspective.
On new exact traveling wave solutions of the hamiltonian amplitude equation
(Bibliotheca, 2025) Özkan, Ayten; Özdemir, Nagehan
Nonlinear differential equations have an important place in mathematical physics. In this paper, the G′/G2 expansion method is used to obtain new exact traveling wave solutions of the Hamiltonian amplitude equation that arise in the analysis of various problems in fluid mechanics and theoretical physics. All calculations in this study are made using the software program and the solutions obtained are substituted in the equations. The solutions obtained have important areas of use in the fields of mathematical physics and engineering.
Influence of microstructure changes on the stress corrosion properties of u-bend S275 mild steel
(Springer Nature Link, 2025) Parapurath, Shahid; Jacob, Liya; Vahdati, Nader; Günister, Ebru
Current research investigates the material degradation behavior of thermally processed S275 mild steel under continuous stress in chloride and sulfate media at different pH values (4, 7, and 10). The mild steel samples were quenched at 1000 °C, followed by tempering at 600 °C, followed by U-bending the samples and attaching a bolt and nut to develop continuous stress according to ASTM standards. A U-bend sample without heat treatment was used as a reference. The corrosion behavior of the samples was evaluated using linear polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization scans. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope, roughness measurements, and Raman spectroscopy have been used to examine the wear behavior of S275 samples. Quenching followed by tempering caused the quasi-polygonal ferrite and granular bainite to convert to martensite. This microstructural change impacted on the material’s mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. Tempering caused a 38% increase in ultimate tensile strength and a 103% increase in yield strength. It also caused a 7–27% increase in corrosion resistance in sulfate media. The pH of the electrolyte solution also influenced corrosion. The corrosion rate of the original and tempered U-bend samples in acidic sulfate media showed approximately a 700% increase in corrosion rate compared to media alkaline and neutral sulfate media samples. The prime reason for the exponential increase in the corrosion rate is the effect of the chemical reaction of highly oxidative species on stress-induced surface defects. Raman analysis confirmed a variety of ferrous oxides and hydroxide formations on the surface of S275 steel.
Clinical characteristics and development of complications differ between adult-onset and child–adolescent-onset type 1 diabetes: A report from a tertiary medical center in Türkiye
(Wiley, 2025) Çakmak, Ramazan; Telci Çaklılı, Özge; Ok, Ayşe Merve; Mutlu, Ümmü; Sarıbeyliler, Göktuğ; Seferova Nasifova, Vefa; Bilgin, Ersel; Çoşkun, Aylin; Güzey, Damla Yenersu; Satman, İlhan
Background and Aims: The age-at-onset is of great importance in the heterogeneity of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study was designed to define clinical and laboratory differences between child–adolescent-onset and adult-onset T1DM at presentation and during follow-up and determine the predicting factors for developing microvascular and macrovascular complications. Material and Methods: This retrospective observational study evaluated T1DM patients who were followed in the diabetes outpatient clinic between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2019. Results: The study cohort included 490 individuals with T1DM (54.3% female, 58.8% adult-onset, and median follow-up: 5 years). In the adult-onset group, baseline C-peptide and GADA prevalence were higher, whereas presentation with ketoacidosis was 2.3-fold lower compared to the child–adolescent-onset group (p < 0.001). During follow-up, the adult-onset group had a 2.4-fold higher overweight/obesity (p < 0.001) and 1.7-fold higher dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia (p = 0.002) than the child–adolescent-onset group. In multivariate analysis, fasting glucose (p = 0.024) in adult-onset, dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia (p = 0.037) in child–adolescent-onset, and diabetes duration (p = 0.008 and p = 0.007) and hypertension (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01) in both groups were associated with increased risk of microvascular complications, whereas age-at-onset (p = 0.024), dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia (p = 0.03), nephropathy (p = 0.003), and neuropathy (p = 0.001) in adult-onset and age (p = 0.002) and triglycerides (p = 0.013) in child–adolescent-onset groups were associated with increased risk of macrovascular complications. The cutoff C-peptide levels at baseline predicted microvascular complications in the whole cohort and adult-onset group were defined as 0.383 ng/mL (p < 0.001) and 0.41 ng/mL (p = 0.001), respectively. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, C-peptide (< 0.383 ng/mL) but not age-at-onset predicted future development of microvascular and macrovascular complications (p = 0.003 and p = 0.032). Conclusion: Clinical presentation and prognosis differ in adult-onset and child–adolescent-onset T1DM. Low initial C-peptide may predict the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications.
Photocatalytic performance of ag/humic acid magnetic nanoparticles for degradation of methylene blue in aqueous medium
(Springer Nature Link, 2025) Kaba, İbrahim; Özdemir Olgun, Fatoş Ayça
The contamination of water as a result of the discharge of organic dyes from industrial facilities that process pharmaceuticals, textile fabrics, leather, and petrochemicals, is a significant concern. The water quality of the aquatic environment is mostly impacted by pigments, even in small amounts less than 1 mgL−1 (Sharma et al. 2021). Methylene blue which is considered as mutagenic, toxic, and non-biodegradable, was selected as a model in this study to represent the azo dye class. The undesired effects of dye contamination can be eliminated through the sustainable and eco-friendly remediation procedure of photocatalytic degradation. The properties and efficiency of the catalytic reaction are significantly influenced by the morphology of the catalyst. Mott Schottky measurements and chronoamperometry were employed to elucidate the electronic properties of a composite silver humic acid magnetic nanoparticle (Ag/HA MNP) with a core-shell structure. The nanoparticle was subsequently employed in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The indirect band gap energy was calculated as 1.82 eV by employing Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The optimal parameters established in the study were used to maintain the effective photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in an aqueous medium. Optimization studies for photocatalytic degradation of model dye-MB showed that the optimum degradation percentage (42%) was achieved rapidly in a short time period of 30 min with 0.06 g MNP in 10 mgL−1 solution. The first-order rate constant was determined to be 4.4 × 10−2 s −1 . This study contributes to the literature by proposing Ag/HA magnetic nanoparticles which were synthesized and installed for the first time as a catalyst for the photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous medium.
Decision making for optimal treatment for patients with periodontitis based on recent classification criteria
(Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 2025) Kütük, Ceren; Parlak, Hanife Merva; Parmaksız, Ayhan; Tarhan, Nermin; Keçeli, Hüseyin Gencay
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and agreement of clinicians with different education levels and clinical experience in periodontitis diagnosis and treatment planning. Materials and Methods: Depending on the stage, grade, and extent components of periodontitis, a consensus diagnosis and treatment plan document prepared by two experienced periodontists was used as a gold-standard. An anonymous survey including 10 periodontitis cases was given to 15 participants (5 periodontal experts (PE), 5 postgraduate periodontology students (PS), and 5 undergraduate dental students (DS)) and asked them to classify each case depending on the components of the disease and select their treatment plan from a multiple-choice questionnaire including 11 dental treatment options. The accuracy of the responses was detected by referring to the gold-standard and inter-examiner agreement levels were also assessed. Results: Except grade, no significant inter-group difference was found in the periodontitis components and this difference only existed in the PE group (p=0.012). PE group gave more accurate treatment planning responses compared to others. The agreement levels of all examiners for stage, grade, and extent were fair (κ=0.366, 0.222, and 0.287, respectively). Treatment planning showed low agreement (κ<0.31) except tooth extraction option (κ=0.554). Both diagnosis and treatment planning responses showed significant variations amongst groups. Conclusion: Although education level and experience showed superiority in terms of periodontitis diagnosis and treatment planning, the results with low accuracy indicate the need for calibration to reduce the variations and enhance the accuracy.
A new anesthesia mask design
(Gazi University, 2025) Kardaş, Cansu; Börklü, Hüseyin Rıza; Yüksel, Nurullah
Humanity has struggled with epidemics from the past to the present. All have similar problems, such as infection rates, prevention methods, and supply problems. Today, we are grappling with the problems we have witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of this study, protective and therapeutic masks, which are the products that people of all ages and physical characteristics interact with most during the pandemic period, were examined. A conceptual design for an original anesthesia mask was developed based on the data obtained in this study, using the systematic design approach. User experience theories and applications were used to understand the interaction and reflect it in the new design. This stage is based on a systematic design approach. The optimum design option was then used to create a embodiment design for the mask. The materials and properties suitable for prototyping to be used by modelling in three dimensions in the computer environment were determined and prepared by the working functions of the system. By preparing the usage scenario of the product, the amount of air escape was reduced compared to that in the market. The design process has been completed so that it provides a more harmonious closure with the facial features and helps to reduce the errors that occur during the treatment process with the ergonomic grip of healthcare professionals.
CFD simulation analysis of a diesel generator exhaust muffler and performance-based optimization
(MDPI Publishing, 2025) Tanrıver, Kürşat
This study addresses a gap in the literature by simultaneously optimizing noise reduction and structural integrity in silencer design. A novel silencer model offering advan tages over conventional designs was developed. In the first phase, the initial optimization model was developed to minimize noise levels while considering environmental con straints. CFD analyses using NEC Acostix and Ex-Tuner calculated noise, temperature, and pressure, followed by validation in SimScale. The results demonstrated improved efficiency in reducing pressure loss and noise. A silencer with Ø 800 mm diameter, 3000 mm length, and Ø 355.6 mm exhaust connection was manufactured and tested, achieving 96 dB(A) at 1 m, with front and side measurements of 85.1 dB(A) and 74.4 dB(A), respectively. In the second phase, fastener durability in silencer support plates was optimized using tensile tests and FEA in Ansys R19.2. Parametric analyses for M4-M20 bolts were conducted, and regression analysis in Minitab (Minitab Statistical Software Version 21.1) showed 97.74% accuracy. An objective function was developed using curve fitting. The second optimization problem, incorporating design constraints, was solved using the interior point and Lagrange multipliers methods. This study provides a foundation for silencer design, ensuring both structural reliability and noise control. Future research will explore performance eco-friendly solutions across varying generator power levels.
Clinical exome sequencing (CES) identifies a novel homozygous variant in NECTIN1 causing CLPED1
(Springer Nature, 2024) Yılmaz Güleç, Elif; Budak, Gülden
Clinical exome sequencing (CES) identifies a novel homozygous variant in NECTIN1 causing CLPED1
Advancing sustainable food preservation: Ultrasound and thermosonication as novel approaches to enhance nutritional and bioactive properties of broccoli juice
(Elsevier, 2025) Yıkmış, Seydi; Türkol, Melikenur; Dülger Altıner, Dilek; Duman Altan, Aylin; Sağlam, Kübra; Abdi, Gholamreza; Tokatlı, Nazlı; Çelik, Güler; Aadil, Rana Muhammad
To meet the challenges of sustainability and nutritional quality, innovative food processing technologies are essential. This study investigates the application of ultrasound and thermosonication- emerging non-thermal preservation techniques- to improve the functional properties of broccoli juice. Using Response Surface Meth odology (RSM) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), the processes were optimised to maximize chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content. Optimal ultrasound parameters (4 min, 91.1 % amplitude) achieved 12.29 mg/100 mL chlorophyll and 79.38 mg/100 g ascorbic acid. Thermosonication (6.9 min, 66 % amplitude, 40 ◦C) gave comparable results. Both treatments significantly improved phenolic composition and mineral content, demonstrating superior preservation of bioactive compounds and reduced nutrient degradation compared to traditional methods. The results highlight the potential of ultrasound and thermosonication for sustainable food systems by improving nutritional quality and shelf life, thereby contributing to reduced food waste and environmentally friendly processing. This research provides valuable insights into the integration of non-thermal technologies in the production of functional beverages, supporting the development of circular food systems and sustainable innovation.
Design, synthesis and anti‐influenza virus activity of 4‐tert‐butyl‐n‐(3‐oxo‐1‐thia‐4‐azaspiro[4.5]dec‐4‐yl) benzamide derivatives that target hemagglutinin‐mediated fusion
(Wiley, 2025) Çınar, Gözde; Alikadıoğlu, Zeynep; Soylu Eter, Özge; Naesens, Lieve; Cihan Üstündağ, Gökçe
Hemagglutinin (HA) is a viral glycoprotein that mediates influenza virus entry into the host cell and is considered a relevant viral target. We here report the identification of a class of 4‐tert‐butylphenyl‐substituted spirothiazolidinones as HA‐mediated fusion inhibitors with specific activity against influenza A/H3N2 virus. The novel spirocyclic compounds were achieved by using one‐pot cyclocondensation method and the chemical structures were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. Compound 2c, bearing methyl substitutions at positions 2‐ and 8‐ of the spiro ring displayed an EC50 value against influenza A/H3N2 virus of 1.3 μM and an antiviral selectivity index of 30. The fusion‐inhibiting effect of compound 2c was revealed in the polykaryon assay which is based on cell‐cell fusion when influenza virus H3 HA‐transfected cells are exposed to low pH. Computer‐aided docking was performed to predict the possible binding pocket in the H3 HA trimer. Resistance data and in silico studies indicated that compound 2c has an overlapping binding pocket in the stem region of H3 HA with the known fusion inhibitors TBHQ and arbidol.
Cartoon-assisted visual/auditory distraction usage in paediatric dental care, assessment of effects on patient anxiety, pain, and behaviour: A randomised crossover clinical trial
(Springer Nature, 2025) Üstün, Nilüfer; Ballı Akgöl, Beyza; Bayram, Merve
Objectives This randomized crossover clinical trial designed to evaluate the impact of visual and auditory distraction techniques on pediatric patients’ anxiety, pain perception, and behavior during dental treatment. The study specifically focuses on children, aiming to determine whether distraction methods can effectively reduce anxiety levels, alleviate pain experiences, and improve cooperative behavior in a clinical setting. Method and materials Children aged 4 to 9 years receiving routine dental care at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic, Istanbul Medipol University, were randomly assigned to Group 1 (distraction first, then tell-show-do) or Group 2 (tell-show-do first, then distraction), with a two-week washout period before switching interventions. Anxiety was assessed using the Venham Picture Test and pulse rate, pain perception with the Sounds, Eyes, and Motor Scale during local anesthesia and the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale during treatment, while cooperation and behavior were evaluated using the Houpt Scale. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U, Student’s t-test, Paired t-test, and Wilcoxon test, with the significance level set at 0.025 using the Bonferroni correction. Results Sixty-eight patients (37 female, 31 male) with a mean age of 6.69±1.08 years completed the study (Group 1: n=32, Group 2: n=36). The cartoon-assisted distraction technique did not significantly reduce anxiety compared to the tell-show-do method. A non-significant reduction in pain perception was observed during local anesthesia with distraction. However, this technique significantly reduced self-reported pain during treatment (p<0.025) and improved child cooperation and behavior. Conclusion Cartoon-assisted visual and auditory distraction can alleviate pain perception and improve behavior during pediatric dental procedures. However, it does not appear to reduce dental anxiety or pain perception during local anesthesia. Integrating this technique with the traditional tell-show-do approach may enhance the pediatric dental experience.
Investigation of the effectiveness of short-term grief-focused group intervention for 1st degree losses in earthquake
(Elsevier, 2025) Bal, Fatih; Filazoğlu Çokluk, Gülşen; Savaş, Esra
A considerable number of individuals who lost family members in the 2023 earthquake in Hatay province, Turkey, have been found to experience a range of psychosocial problems and disorders. In this randomised controlled trial, the efficacy of grief-focused group therapy was compared with that of a control group that did not receive any treatment. A total of 10 Turkish adults were randomly assigned to the group therapy group. The participants were evaluated at the outset of the study and at its conclusion in order to ascertain any changes in psychological resilience (Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults), grief symptoms (Grief Scale), and cognitive flexibility (Cognitive Flexibility Inventory). The results of the study are as follows: The results demonstrated that grief-focused group therapy was an effective intervention for reducing grief symptoms and enhancing psychological resilience and cognitive flexibility. A brief grief-focused group intervention has been demonstrated to be an efficacious intervention for earthquake survivors. The brief grief-focused group intervention proved more efficacious than the control condition in enhancing psychological resilience and cognitive flexibility, while concurrently attenuating grief symptoms, among adults who lost first-degree family members in the earthquake. Overall, the Grief Recovery Focused Group Therapy Program yielded a favourable impact on alpha, beta, and gamma scores in the experimental group, while exhibiting no discernible effect on delta and theta scores.
The use and efficacy of an innovative virtual reality application in teaching the mechanism of labor: A randomized controlled trial
(Elsevier, 2025) Hüseyinoğlu, Sebahat; Yazıcı, Saadet
Background: In practice, the comprehensibility of physiological events necessitates adequate visu alization. VR can provide a comprehensive learning environment that enhances the understanding of mechanisms and anatomical structures’ three-dimensional relationships, which are difficult to observe from the outside. Nonetheless, evidence supporting its use in midwifery education is scant in the litera ture. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the ’Virtual Reality Technology Labor Mechanism Application (VRT-LMA)’ developed for teaching the cardinal movements of the baby during the first and second stages of birth in midwifery education. Methods: The study was conducted in a single-blind, randomized manner. Sixty-one midwifery students taking childbirth courses were divided into experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 31) groups. The experimental group received VRT-LMA, the control group received traditional training. After six weeks, both groups were given a posttest. Results: The post-test score of the experimental group was statistically significant compared to the control group (p < .05). Conclusion: VRT-LMA training helped increase students’ knowledge levels and aided in the retention of information. It will be suitable for supplementing traditional teaching methods.
Reply to the letter to the editor: 'Coronary atherosclerosis burden and coronary artery tortuosity'
(Kare Publishing, 2025) Özyaşar, Mehmet; Doğduş, Mustafa; Yılmaz, Ahmet; Altıntaş, Mehmet Sait; Yetkin, Ertan
To the Editor, First, we would like to thank the author1 and the editorial team for their attention to and interest in our work. We deeply value your constructive criticism and contributions, which we see as an opportunity for further improvement. Collateral circulation plays a significant role in the prognosis of coronary artery disease.2 We acknowledge the importance of considering the effect of collateral circulation when calculating Gensini scores.3 In our retrospective study, while evaluating cases of chronic coronary syndrome that underwent coronary angiography, the coronary collateral flow assessment (Rentrop) score (3) was 0 in all cases. However, we accept that this detail should have been clarified more explicitly in our article. Our study aimed to minimize confounding factors as much as possible to realistically examine the relationship between coronary artery tortuosity and coronary atherosclerosis. While we acknowledged in the limitations section of our study that this might introduce a potential bias in patient selection,4 we accept that it would have been beneficial to explicitly state that we sought to eliminate the effect of collateral circulation. One of the key strengths of our study is the large patient cohort, along with the meticulous exclusion of other confounding factors. In conclusion, while recognizing the importance of collateral circulation, we believe that our study provides important information about the relationship between coronary artery tortuosity and atherosclerotic plaque burden. We hope this research contributes to a deeper understanding of coronary artery disease and offers a new perspective for future studies.
New insights of cerium oxide nanoparticles in head and neck cancer treatment
(Springer Nature, 2025) Tarakçı, Elif; Esmkhani, Sahra; Bayramova, Jamila; Bilgin, Feride Melisa; Kıdık, Kübra; Adıgüzel, Şevin; Tufan, Yiğithan; Yılmaz, Ahsen Morva; Yazıcı, Hülya; Duygulu, Özgür
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a genetically complex cancer type having treatment difficulties due to affecting multiple organs in complex anatomical sites. Radiotherapy resistance, chemotoxicity, post-surgery disability makes HNC treatment more complicated. Therefore, there is need to developed new treatment approaches. Nanoparticle-based therapies especially cerium oxide nanoparticles with its anti-cancer features, high catalytic activity, anti- or pro-oxidant and radio-protective properties give a boon for HNC treatment. In the current study, two dextran-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles (Dex-CeNPs) namely SD1 and SD2 were synthesized and characterized by using two types of dextran (D1 and D2) having distinct molecular weights and branching characteristics to understand their potential as a new HNC treatment strategy while evaluating the role of dextran type. The effectivity of the SD1 and SD2 on the HNC cell lines (A253, SCC-25, FaDu) were investigated by analyzing their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation properties. Low IC50 value, high ROS generation and stability profiling of SD2 compared to SD1 indicates the distinct function of dextran type on Dex-CeNPs effectivity on HNC. To better elucidate the effectivity of SD2, flow cytometry analysis and pro-apoptotic (TP53, CASP3, BAX) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) gene expression profiling were investigated in detail. The findings indicate that SD2 exhibits an influence on head and neck cancer cells via the apoptotic pathway. Our research sets the framework for the development of Dex-CeNPs as remarkable nanotherapeutic candidates for treatment of head and neck cancer.
Pharmacovigilance analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related reproductive adverse effects based on the FDA adverse event reporting system
(Springer Nature, 2025) Köylü, Bahadır; Esen, Buğra Han; Bektaş, Şevval Nur; Özbek, Laşin; Turan, Volkan; Urman, Bülent; Öktem, Özgür; Selçukbiricik, Fatih
This study aims to investigate the adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) on the female and male reproductive systems. In the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, adverse reactions under the "Reproductive system and breast disorders" category in the System Organ Classes were included, covering a period from January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2023. We identified 133,512 patients treated with ICIs. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related reproductive adverse effects (irRAEs) were reported in 568 (0.43%) patients. Spermatogenesis abnormality (ROR025 = 7.91) had the highest signal strength associated with ICI use in males. Genital tract fistula was the only significant irRAE (ROR025 = 2.72) in females. PD-1 inhibitors pose greater risk than CTLA-4 inhibitors (OR = 1.65 [1.05-2.79], p = 0.045). Gynecologic cancers in females (OR = 3.77 [2.82-4.99], p < 0.0001) and urogenital cancers in males (OR = 1.56 [1.17-2.06], p = 0.0018) carried the highest risk compared to other cancers. Additional targeted drugs (OR = 2.32 [1.76-3.02], p < 0.0001), particularly lenvatinib (OR = 3.50 [2.48-4.94], p < 0.0001) and cabozantinib (OR = 3.71 [1.96-7.03], p < 0.0001) significantly increased the risk for females. Additional use of chemotherapy drugs was associated with a significant reduction in the risk for males (OR = 0.65 [0.42-0.96], p = 0.042) except for doxorubicin (OR = 2.58 [1.22-5.47], p = 0.013) and cyclophosphamide (OR = 2.36 [1.05-5.29], p = 0.038). This study demonstrates that ICIs could potentially lead to a wide range of adverse effects in the reproductive system in both males and females.
Anatomical relationship between the profunda brachii artery and the radial nerve at the entrance and within the radial groove
(Springer, 2025) Şanlıtürk, Yüsra Nur; Gayretli, Özcan; Zeybek, Nurşen; Öztürk, Adnan
Purpose In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between the profunda brachii artery and the radial nerve at the entrance to and within the radial groove considering no comparable study was found in the literature. Method Dissection was performed in 44 upper extremities (21 right and 23 left) of 24 fixed cadavers used for medical edu cation at Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Anatomy. Results Profunda brachii artery was found to be a single artery in 39 extremities and a double artery in 5 extremities. In 27 cases with single PBA, the nerve was located superolateral to the PBA (Type A), and in 8 cases the nerve was located infero medial to the PBA (Type B). In all 5 extremities with double profunda brachii artery, the proximal branch was superolateral (Type A) and the distal branch was inferomedial (Type B). Conclusions This research will support surgeons understanding how to better anatomically and radiologically treat humeral fractures and lateral arm flap applications.

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