Clinicopathological features and oncological outcomes in breast cancer presenting with nipple discharge

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dc.authorid0000-0003-3152-044X
dc.authorid0000-0002-7423-4841
dc.authorid0000-0001-8460-9355
dc.authorid0000-0003-3032-2169
dc.authorid0000-0001-9333-6926
dc.authorid0000-0001-8661-6751
dc.contributor.authorMollavelioğlu, Baran
dc.contributor.authorÖzgen, Atılay
dc.contributor.authorÖzgen, Ecem Hazal
dc.contributor.authorBender, Ömer
dc.contributor.authorBalcı, Fatih Levent
dc.contributor.authorErözgen, Fazilet
dc.contributor.authorEmiroğlu, Selman
dc.contributor.authorTükenmez, Mustafa
dc.contributor.authorYılmaz, Ravza
dc.date.accessioned2026-11-09T14:26:00Z
dc.date.available2026-11-09T14:26:00Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentFakülteler, Tıp Fakültesi, Cerrahi Tıp Bilimleri Bölümü, Genel Cerrahi Ana Bilim Dalı
dc.description.abstractBackground Nipple discharge may indicate subareolar or nipple–areola complex (NAC) involvement in nipple discharge-associated breast cancer, which has important implications for surgical planning and prognosis. This study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological features, radiological findings, and oncological outcomes of breast cancer patients presenting with nipple discharge. Methods Patients who presented with nipple discharge and underwent surgery with a histopathological diagnosis of breast cancer between January 2005 and January 2020 at three tertiary referral centers were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, clinical, radiological, and pathological data were collected. Demographic, clinical, radiological, and pathological data were retrospectively collected. Results A total of 205 patients were included. Of those, 71.8% presented with bloody discharge. Most patients had early-stage disease (pTis/T1: 78.8%). Overall, pathological NAC involvement was identified in 26.5% of cases, whereas it was estimated as 34.5% in mastectomy cases, and 60% in patients with MRI-suspicious find ings and 48.7% in those with a non-luminal pathology. MRI demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.756, p < 0.001) for detecting NAC involvement independent predictors of NAC involvement were non-luminal subtype (OR 3.15, 95% CI, p = 0.004) and retroareolar mass (OR 2.57, 95% CI, p = 0.012). At a median follow-up of 68 months, locoregional and distant recurrence rates were 2.9% and 9.3%, respectively. No significant differ ences in disease-free or disease-specific survival were observed between patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery and those treated with mastectomy, or between patients with and without NAC involvement. Lympho vascular invasion and nodal positivity were associated with reduced DFS. Conclusion Breast cancers associated with nipple discharge are most often diagnosed at an early stage. Careful clinical and radiological evaluation of nipple–areola complex (NAC) involvement is essential in these patients due to the high NAC involvement in clinical and imaging suspicious cases and aggressive tumor biology. When NAC involvement is excluded, breast-conserving surgery and nipple-sparing mastectomy can be considered in appropriately selected patients, with comparable oncological outcomes.
dc.identifier.citationMollavelioğlu, B., Özgen, A., Özgen, E. H., Bender, Ö., Balcı, F. L., Erözgen, F., Emiroğlu, S., Tükenmez, M., & Yılmaz, R. (2026). Clinicopathological features and oncological outcomes in breast cancer presenting with nipple discharge. Discover Oncology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-026-05863-8
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s12672-026-05863-8
dc.identifier.issn2730-6011
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ3
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-026-05863-8
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/1704
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynak.otherSCI-E - Science Citation Index Expanded
dc.institutionauthorBalcı, Fatih Levent
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0001-8460-9355
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Nature Link
dc.relation.ispartofDiscover Oncology
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectBreast Cancer
dc.subjectNipple Discharge
dc.subjectNipple–Areola Complex
dc.subjectNipple Involvement
dc.subjectBreast Conserving Surgery
dc.subjectMastectomy
dc.subjectMRI
dc.subjectOncological Outcomes
dc.titleClinicopathological features and oncological outcomes in breast cancer presenting with nipple discharge
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication

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