Optimization of diclofenac sodium-loaded alginate microparticles: Chitosan-assisted encapsulation and ph-dependent release

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dc.authorid0000-0001-9870-8514
dc.authorid0000-0003-2351-172X
dc.authorid0000-0002-2241-2562
dc.authorid0009-0004-1045-808X
dc.authorid0000-0002-9989-9823
dc.contributor.authorAsgarova, Kamala
dc.contributor.authorToprakçı, İrem
dc.contributor.authorBozkurt, Rabia Nur
dc.contributor.authorKurtulbaş, Ebru
dc.contributor.authorÇağatay, Barış
dc.contributor.authorŞahin, Selin
dc.date.accessioned2026-11-11T06:55:20Z
dc.date.available2026-11-11T06:55:20Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentFakülteler, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.description.abstractAlginate microparticles offer a simple approach for drug encapsulation. However, their performance depends on formulation conditions. Diclofenac sodium (DCF) was encapsulated in alginate microparticles by ionic gelation. Sodium alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration and hardening time were optimized by Response Surface Method (RSM) using Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD). Encapsulation efficiency (EE) varied considerably with the formulation conditions. The model showed a good fit (R2 = 0.9685), while CaCl2 concentration was the main factor affecting EE. The optimum conditions were 1.91% (w/v) sodium alginate, 4.99% (w/v) CaCl2 and 23.4 min hardening time. The experimental EE was 80.34%, close to the predicted value of 80.41%. Chitosan was added to the optimized formulation at concentrations of 0.10–0.20% (w/v). EE increased with chitosan concentration and reached 93.85% at 0.20%. Drug release was studied in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The release data were evaluated using zero-order, first-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. Characterization revealed a transition from a predominantly lamellar and fissured surface in the optimized alginate formulation to a more granular and highly textured architecture following chitosan incorporation, while the released fractions exhibited distinct hydrodynamic and electrokinetic characteristics. The addition of a low amount of chitosan therefore increased DCF encapsulation and changed its release behavior under gastrointestinal conditions.
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, under the General Research Project (GENAP), Project No. 38090. Bu araştırma, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından, Genel Araştırma Projesi (GENAP) kapsamında, 38090 numaralı proje ile finanse edilmiştir.
dc.identifier.citationAsgarova, K., Toprakçı, İ., Bozkurt, R. N., Kurtulbaş, E., Çağatay, B., & Şahin, S. (2026). Optimization of diclofenac sodium-loaded alginate microparticles: Chitosan-assisted encapsulation and ph-dependent release. Gels, 12(11), pp. 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12110994
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/gels12110994
dc.identifier.endpage26
dc.identifier.issn2310-2861
dc.identifier.issue11
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/gels12110994
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/1705
dc.identifier.volume12
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynak.otherSCI-E - Science Citation Index Expanded
dc.institutionauthorBozkurt, Rabia Nur
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0003-2351-172X
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI Publishing
dc.relation.ispartofGels
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectDiclofenac Sodium
dc.subjectAlginate-Chitosan
dc.subjectIonic Gelation
dc.subjectMicroencapsulation
dc.subjectPh-Dependent Release
dc.subjectDrug Release Kinetics
dc.titleOptimization of diclofenac sodium-loaded alginate microparticles: Chitosan-assisted encapsulation and ph-dependent release
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication

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