Exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental damage cost, and performance-emissions trade-off analysis of two-stroke UAV engine operating with phytol and benzene fuel additives

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dc.authorid0000-0002-2328-5809
dc.authorid0000-0001-7383-1428
dc.authorid0000-0002-5212-0966
dc.contributor.authorGülcan, Halil Erdi
dc.contributor.authorDemir, Usame
dc.contributor.authorÖzer, Salih
dc.contributor.authorTunçer, Erdal
dc.date.accessioned2026-10-30T13:07:55Z
dc.date.available2026-10-30T13:07:55Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentFakülteler, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.description.abstractTwo-stroke Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) engines offer high power-to-weight ratios but present challenges in fuel efficiency and environmental impact. This study comparatively investigates the effects of phytol, a bio-based oxygenated diterpene alcohol, and benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon, on the performance, exergy, exer goeconomic characteristics, and exhaust emissions of a two-stroke UAV engine. Experiments were conducted at five engine speeds (3250–6250 rpm) using gasoline blended with 10% and 20% phytol (P10, P20) or benzene (B10, B20) by volume. The experimental results were evaluated through an integrated assessment combining exergy analysis, Specific Exergy Costing (SPECO), and calculations of environmental impact and damage costs based on measured gaseous pollutants. Compared with reference gasoline, P20 increased exergy destruction by an average of 8.4% and decreased exergy efficiency by 6.8%, whereas B20 increased exergy destruction by 3.6% and reduced exergy efficiency by 3.0%. Despite these thermodynamic results, P10 reduced the calculated total environmental impact by an average of 1.2%, while B20 increased it by 3.3%. The calculated environmental damage costs decreased for all investigated additive blends within the adopted pollutant valuation framework. However, the high commercial purchase price of phytol adversely affected its exergoeconomic performance. These findings highlight important trade-offs between thermodynamic efficiency, fuel-related economic costs, and exhaust emission-related environmental indicators. The results provide a comparative experimental basis for further investigation of alternative fuel additives in lightweight UAV engines.
dc.identifier.citationGülcan, H. E., Demir, U., Özer, S., & Tunçer, E. (2026). Exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental damage cost, and performance-emissions trade-off analysis of two-stroke UAV engine operating with phytol and benzene fuel additives. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 17(11), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.103249
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.apr.2026.103249
dc.identifier.endpage20
dc.identifier.issn1309-1042
dc.identifier.issue11
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.103249
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/1686
dc.identifier.volume17
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynak.otherSCI-E - Science Citation Index Expanded
dc.institutionauthorTunçer, Erdal
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0002-5212-0966
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofAtmospheric Pollution Research
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subjectBenzene
dc.subjectExergoeconomic Analysis
dc.subjectEnvironmental Damage Cost
dc.subjectExergy
dc.subjectPhytol
dc.subjectTwo-Stroke Engine
dc.titleExergy, exergoeconomic, environmental damage cost, and performance-emissions trade-off analysis of two-stroke UAV engine operating with phytol and benzene fuel additives
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication

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