Post-processing protocols in 3d printed dental restorations: A literature-based data analysis

Objectives: This literature-based data analysis aims to evaluate the effects of post-processing protocols on the physical, mechanical, and surface properties of dental restorations produced using 3D printing technologies (SLA, DLP, and LCD systems). The objective is to highlight the variability in current approaches and thematically analyze the clinical implications of these differences. Materials-methods: A systematic search of the literature published between 2018 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were: (1) studies involving 3D printed resins, (2) evaluation of at least one post-processing variable (e.g., curing, cleaning, or support removal), and (3) focus on definitive or interim prosthodontic restorations. Studies involving orthodontic models, aligners, or CAD/CAM-milled restorations were excluded. The included studies were categorized into three groups: curing protocols, cleaning procedures, and support structure removal. Due to methodological heterogeneity, no meta-analysis was performed; instead, findings were interpreted through a descriptive, literature-based data analysis approach. RESULTS: A total of approximately 320 unique studies were identified through prior systematic and narrative reviews. After applying predefined inclusion criteria, 12 studies were selected for in-depth evaluation in this literature review. Although some included studies were systematic reviews and meta-analyses, this study did not perform an independent meta-analysis. Variations in curing time, light intensity, and atmospheric conditions were found to affect degree of conversion, microhardness, and flexural strength. Cleaning protocols involving different solvents and application techniques influenced surface roughness and dimensional accuracy. The support removal process impacted marginal adaptation, surface integrity, and gloss retention. Despite methodological differences, the overall evidence indicates that post-processing parameters significantly influence clinical performance outcomes. Conclusion: This analysis demonstrates that post processing protocols significantly affect material quality and clinical applicability. The findings underscore the need for manufacturer-independent, standardized protocols to ensure predictable outcomes in 3D printed dental restorations.