Temel Tıp Bilimleri Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/59

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CXCR1 gene SNP variability that affects mastitis resistance in Holstein cows in Türkiye
(Kafkas Üniversitesi, 2025) Avanus, Kozet; Yılmaz, Alper; Güneş, Halil; Altınel, Ahmet; Ekiz, Bülent; Yalçıntan, Hülya; Keçici, Dilara; Doğan, Nurşen
Genotyping 16 SNPs of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) gene region which affects host resistance against mastitis disease was carried out in Holstein cows raised in Türkiye. In this study, the frequency of the undesirable C allele in the CXCR1 c.771C>G polymorphic region, associated with an incomplete response, was found to be high. Additionally, the genotypes c.1016AA and c.1016GG, which contribute to mastitis resistance, were observed at low frequencies. Several SNP loci in the CXCR1 gene, including c.606G>A, c.678G>A, c.1104G>A, c.1119+6C, c.1119+7A, and c.1119+10, significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (P<0.0001), indicating violations of HWE assumptions such as random mating and absence of selection. The deviations at c.606G>A, c.678G>A, and c.1104G>A suggest strong selection pressures, likely due to artificial selection in Holstein cattle. These variants are synonymous mutations that do not alter the amino acid sequence but may influence protein synthesis through effects on mRNA stability, splicing, or translation efficiency. Furthermore, the absence of heterozygotes at loci c.1119+6C, c.1119+7A, and c.1119+10, which are located on untranslated regions (UTRs), potentially affecting gene expression by regulating mRNA stability, localization, or translation initiation, points to genetic drift or population substructure. These findings are important for understanding genetic variability and can inform marker-assisted selection programs to enhance breeding strategies while preserving genetic diversity for traits like disease resistance and milk production.
Sex and income level can be determinants for meat attachment behavior among Turkish university students
(AfAc Publisher, 2024) Günalan, Elif; Parmaksız, Ayhan; Mutlu, Hayrettin
Background: The Meat Attachment Questionnaire (MAQ) is a scale to measure the positive bond in meat consumption. Aims: This study aimed to validate and assess reliability of the Turkish version of the MAQ and to explore its relationship with various factors, including sociodemographic characteristics, meat consumption habits, and subscales of the Green Eating Survey (GES). Subjects and Methods: The study was carried out with 214 university students. Participants completed the MAQ, the Food Frequency Questionnaire, and the GES. Statistical analyses including item analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient test - retest reliability, one-way ANOVA, Welch ANOVA, t-test, Pearson’s correlation, and post hoc tests (Tukey’s HSD and Games-Howell), were performed using SPSS (version 26). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with the lavaan (version 0.6 – 13) and semPlot (version 1.1.6) R packages. Results: All factor loadings were statistically significant, and high fit indices were obtained for the model tested in the second-order CFA model. (χ2 /df = 151,93/101 = 1.50; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.08; NFI = 0.97; NNFI = 0.99; CFI = 0.99; GFI = 0.98; AGFI = 0.97). Significant differences were found in several MAQ subscale scores: hedonism, entitlement, dependence, and global scores were higher among men (p < 0.05). The entitlement score was significantly higher in the “income < expenses “group compared to the “income = expenses “group (p < 0.05). Participants with higher red meat and poultry consumption exhibited significantly higher hedonism, dependence, and global MAQ scores (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Turkish version of the MAQ can be accepted as a reliable and valid scale for use among university students. While factors such as sex, income level, and meat consumption appear to influence MAQ scores, body mass index and green eating behaviors do not have a direct effect
Colorectal cancers and microsatellite instability
(Türk Radyasyon Onkolojisi Derneği, 2025) Esmkhani, Sahra; Emrem, Mustafa; Şahin, Ali; Babayev, Hüseyn; Zeyneloğlu, Can; Ardıçlı, Sena; Yazıcı, Hilal; Yazıcı, Hülya
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease arising from the complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Despite its widespread incidence globally, CRC demon strates favorable prognostic outcomes when detected at an early stage. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a common molecular abnormality associated with colorectal tumorigenesis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, therapeutic approaches, and immune system interactions in MSI-associated CRC (MSI-CRC). Molecular changes include DNA slippage, dysfunction in the DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) system, and genetic/epigenetic factors that contribute to MSI. Clinically, MSI-CRC is characterized by distinct phenotypic features, including associations with Lynch syndrome, specific diagnostic methodologies, and prognostic relevance. The therapeutic landscape highlights the promising efficacy of immunotherapies and targeted treatments, particularly in dMMR–MSI-H-CRC. Immune dynamics within the tumor microenvironment (TME) reveal patterns of immune infiltration, immune evasion strategies, and opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Understanding these interrelated aspects is critical for developing tai lored therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes in MSI-CRC
Comparison of stem cell CD45/34 fluorescence intensity with stem cell mobilization in patients under and over 65 years of age
(2024) Meriç, Neslihan; Parmaksız, Ayhan; Gülbaş, Zafer
In our research, we attempted to compare CD45/34 MFI (Mean Fluorescent Intensity) in patients younger and over 65 years of age with hematopoietic stem cell mobilization (HSCM).The research involved a group of 76 individuals who had different types of cancer and were identified at the Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Unit of Anadolu Medical Center Hospital from 2015 to 2016. To mobilize HSCs, participants were administered daily granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (10 µg/kg/day) under the skin for 7-8 days. Calculating the appropriate level of peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ took into account the patients' WBC (White Blood Cell) counts. Our research revealed that HSCM patients above 65 had statistically greater CD45/34 MFI values than those under that age. Although the age factor for HSCM is important, according to our findings, age is not seen as a negative mobilization factor for HSCM in patients aged 65 and over, and should be supported by larger studies. Our research revealed that patients over 65 who underwent HSCM had statistically greater CD45/34 MFI values than younger patients. Given the decline in SC production observed in individuals aged 65 and above, along with the potential for other accompanying diseases, our results hold promise for elderly patients. However, it is important to validate these findings through multicenter studies with a larger patient population, while also taking into account the presence of other subsequent diseases in the patients under observation.
Distribution of branches of anterior choroidal artery in the uncus: An anatomical study
(Springer, 2024) Kaçur, İdil; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Nas, Emine; Şahan, Orhun; Kale, Ayşin; Çakır, Halit; Coşkun, Osman; Gayretli, Özcan
The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between uncus and uncal branches of anterior choroidal artery (AChA) and to observe the morphological and morphometric features of these branches. 124 hemispheres from 62 fresh cadavers were included in the study. Measurement of the length of AChA and the distances of the uncal branches to the origin of AChA were measured by ImageJ software. Morphological variations of uncal branches originating from AChA were observed. The length of AChA was found as mean 26.24 ± 4.34 mm. It was determined that the average distance of these uncal branches arising from the AChA was 13.48 ± 7.31 mm. In 4 out of 124 AChAs, no branches were observed. 594 branches originating from 120 were detected. 130/594 branches appeared to be terminal branches. AChAs of 80/120 hemispheres have been reported to have uncal branches. Thirty of 130 uncal branches were observed to originate as the first branch of AChA. It was found that uncal branches may originate from AChA with a variability between 1 and 4. When evaluated according to the origin of each branch from the AChA, it was observed that the uncal branches originated from the midpoint of the AChA on average. Also, in 64 hemispheres, morophological variations were detected regarding the origin of uncal branches. We believe that the morphological and morphometric data we obtained from the uncal branches of the AChA are of clinical importance in terms of understanding this complex region and minimizing errors in surgical procedures.
RNA splicing aberrations in hereditary cancer: Insights from Turkish patients
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Kılıç, Seda; Şükrüoğlu Erdoğan, Özge; Tuncer, Şeref Buğra; Çelik Demirbaş, Betül; Yalnız Kayım, Zübeyde; Yazıcı, Hülya
The process of RNA splicing is fundamental in contributing to proteomic diversity and regulating gene expression. Dysregulation of splicing is associated with various human disorders, including cancer. Through functional studies, this study sought to examine the potential impact of seven variants within six inherited cancer-related genes on RNA splicing patterns in Turkish cancer patients. Upon detecting variants using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), we used Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing to elucidate the effects of these variants on splicing. Three of the seven variants demonstrated no discernible effect on RNA, while four exhibited pathogenic characteristics. Specifically, the variants APC c.532-1G>A rs1554072547, BRCA1c.4358-3A>G rs1567779966, BRCA2c.7436-1G>C rs81002830 and MSH3c.1897- 1G>A rs1744149615 were identified as pathogenic, while the variants BLMc.4076+4T>G rs183176301, RB1c.2489+2T>C rs1555294636 and RB1c.1050-2A>G rs? were found to be benign from a splicing perspective. These findings highlight the importance of verifying the precise consequences of splice site variants through experimental analysis, given their potential implications for genetic disorders and cancer predisposition. This research contributes to the understanding of splice-site variants in inherited cancer predisposition, particularly among Turkish cancer patients. It emphasizes the necessity for further exploration into the mechanisms and functional consequences of alternative splicing for potential therapeutic interventions in cancer.
Characterizing the amniotic fluid-derived stem cells and optimizing the passage number for targeted applications
(Faculty Of Veterinary Science, University Of Agriculture, 2024) Dikmen, Tayfun; Erdoǧan, Metin; Altunbaş, Korhan
Mesenchymal stem cells are considered potent sources that can be used for tissue regeneration and treatment of various diseases and syndromes. Among the mesenchymal stem cells, amniotic fluid-derived stem cells come forward as they possess some pluripotent properties and there are no serious ethical concerns upon their derivation. Therefore, gaining a better understanding of the nature of amniotic fluid stem cells is important. Although it is known that stem cells show slightly different characteristics between passages, scientists often consider only cell numbers and the proliferation pattern of the cells when deciding the passage to use in their studies. In this study, it was aimed to characterize rat amniotic fluid-derived stem cells for their mesenchymal and pluripotent features and make inter-passage comparisons by real-time qPCR to reveal their distinctions between different passages, and eventually help decide the appropriate passage numbers to be used in future research. The outcomes of the study showed that using rat amniotic fluid-derived stem cells at P5 could be beneficial for mesodermal differentiation studies and using them in earlier passages may be more favorable for the studies requiring better ectodermal differentiation properties.
Anatomical and morphometric features of the profunda brachii artery
(Medrang, 2024) Şanlıtürk, Yüsra Nur; Zeybek, Nurşen; Gayretli, Özcan; Öztürk, Adnan
When the literature is examined, studies evaluating the profunda brachii artery (PBA) are limited as most studies only investigate the artery’s origin. In 44 upper extremities belonging to 24 human anatomical specimens, single and double PBAs were observed in 39 and five cases, respectively. In cases with a single PBA, the origin was the brachial artery (BA) in 35 cases and the posterior circumflex humeral artery in four cases. In cases with double PBAs, the artery’s origin was the BA. Morphometric measurements of single and double arteries originating from the first branch BA were evaluated separately and compared according to sex and side. Our study, in which the PBA was examined morphologically and morphometrically, contributes to the literature anatomically and radiologically in treating humerus fractures and lateral arm-flap applications by surgeons.
The course of the phrenic nerve in the neck region and its relationship with adjacent anatomical structures in the thoracic inlet
(Springer, 2024) Yıldız, Nilay; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Coşkun, Osman; Kale, Ayşin; Gayretli, Özcan
Pupose: This study aims to reveal the relationship of the phrenic nerve (PhN) with its neighboring structures in the lower neck region more comprehensively than previous studies and to minimize nerve damage by enabling invasive procedures in this region to be performed with high accuracy. Methods: Forty-one heminecks were evaluated. The relationship between the PhN and the anterior scalene muscle (ASM), internal thoracic artery (ITA), branches of subclavian artery (SA) and subclavian vein (SV) was examined. Results: It was observed that the PhN was located medial to the ASM in all cases. The distances were higher in male cadavers. The PhN was found to enter the thorax lateral to the ITA in 15/41 and medial to it in 25/41 sides. In 17/41 cases, the closest SA branch to the PhN was the thyrocervical trunk (TT) and in 24 cases the ITA. The PhN was located behind the SV in 38 cases and in front of it in 2 cases.The accessory PhN was found in 4/41 sides. There was no significant difference in morphometric findings between genders (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed between the parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The anatomy and variations of the PhN are of great importance in surgical interventions and invasive procedures in the neck region. The study provides important information to reduce the risk of damage to the PhN in surgical procedures. In addition, knowledge of the anatomical variations of the nerve may contribute to more successful results in nerve grafting and other surgical applications.
Managing CDH1 cancer risks in a child: Complex decision making in a family with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
(Wiley, 2024) Ağaoğlu, Nihat Buğra; Hatırnaz Ng, Özden; Zemheri, İtir Ebru; Ünal, Büşra; Gerenli, Nelgin; Tosun, İlkay; Yazıcı, Hülya; Özbek, Uğur; Kamihara, Junne; Rana, Huma Q.
Germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in CDH1 cause hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. The management of CDH1 cases with a positive family history includes total prophylactic gastrectomy or intensive surveillance. In this study, we report a 16-year-old boy with intramucosal gastric signet ring cells in the setting of a germline CDH1 PV and a family history of early-onset gastric cancer. The approach to managing both the proband and their 9-year-old sister, who also had the CDH1 PV, presented a challenge to both clinicians and the family. Herein, we present the complexities of managing gastric cancer risk when a CDH1 PV is identified in childhood in the setting of a family history of early-onset gastric cancer.
Clinical implications of aberrant anatomy of the common hepatic duct in liver surgery: a systematic review and meta‑analysis
(Springer, 2024) Valenzuela‑Fuenzalida, Juan José; Avalos‑Díaz, Constanza; Droguett‑Utreras, Antonia; Guerra‑Loyola, Javier; Nova‑Baeza, Pablo; Orellana‑Donoso, Mathias; Suazo‑Santibañez, Alejandra; Oyanedel‑Amaro, Gustavo; Sanchis‑Gimeno, Juan; Bruna‑Mejias, Alejandro; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul
Introduction: Knowledge of anatomical variants that affect the hepatic duct (HD) are of particular clinical relevance during hepatobiliary surgical procedures. More specifically, the aberrant anatomy of the common HD is the most common anatomical variation affecting the biliary tree. Below, we describe different classifications of anatomical variants that affect this canal. According to Huang's classification, variations are determined depending on the insertion of the right posterior hepatic duct (RPHD). Materials and methods: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases were investigated until January 2024. The methodological quality was assessed with an anatomical studies assurance tool (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. For the subgroup analysis, Student's T-test was used. Results: The prevalence rate of aberrant hepatic duct (AHD) was 15% (confidence interval [CI] of 7-22%). The first subgroup had cadavers and images. For the cadavers, the prevalence was 15.83% (CI: 11.22-18.3%), while the images had a prevalence of 22.06% (CI: 18.12-25.33%). This subgroup analysis showed no statistically significant difference between these groups (p = 0.127). The second subgroup comprised the continents where the included studies were from. In this subgroup, no statistically significant differences were found (p = 0.613). Finally, regarding the right or left laterality of the HD variant, there were no statistically significant differences (p = 0.089). Conclusion: A AHD corresponds to a finding that can occur in a significant percentage of our society, which could be an accidental discovery during surgeries or present asymptomatically throughout life and be a cadaveric discovery later. We believe it is important for surgeons to have prior knowledge of the possible variants of HD to prevent possible complications during and after surgery.
Absans epilepside fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal değişikliklere genel bakış
(Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2023) Hanikoğlu, Ayşegül; Kaya, Gül Büşra; Delen, Elif; Bilgili, Ali; Hanedan, Başak
Epilepsi kavramının bir hastalık olduğu düşüncesi ilk defa Mısır ve eski Babil İmparatorluğu döneminde ortaya çıkmıştır (Bennewitz & Saltzman, 2009). Uluslararası Epilepsi ile Savaş Derneği (ILAE) meydana gelen nöbetleri “Beyindeki anormal aşırı ya da eş zamanlı nöronal aktiviteye bağlı belirtilerin geçici olarak ortaya çıkması” şeklinde ifade etmiştir (J. Y. Liu et al., 2012). Dünya geneline bakıldığında ortalama 65 milyon kadar epilepsi hastası mevcuttur. Epilepsi nöbetleri ile ilgili komorbiditeler sıklıkla görülmekte olup, mortalite oranlarında ise ciddi bir artış meydana gelmiştir. Aynı zamanda bu tarz etkilerin artarak görülmesi, epilepsiden muzdarip olan bireylerin ekonomik anlamda zor durumda kalmalarına sebep olmaktadır (Coppola, Iapadre, Operto, & Verrotti, 2017; Joan YW Liu et al., 2012). Hastalığın gidişatına bağlı olarak, nöbet geçiren bireylerin günlük aktiviteleri kısıtlı hale gelmekte ve bu bireylerin öğrenmede sıklıkla zorluk yaşadığı da görülmektedir. Bunun yanında, epilepsi insidansı çok yüksek ve genel olarak tedavi için imkânlar kısıtlı olup, bireyler tedavi olanaklarından yeterli ölçüde yararlanamamaktadır (Temkin, 1994).
Neisseria cinsi
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023) Akgün Karapınar, Bahar; Aydın, Mustafa Derya; Ağaçfidan, Ali
Nelsseriaaceae ailesinde bulunan Neisseria cinsi bakteriler Gram negatif diplokok şeklinde bakterilerdir. Bakteriler böbrek, kahve tanesi veya fasulye şeklindedirler ve içbükey yüzeyleri birbirine bakan ikili gruplar halinde bulunurlar. Birçok tür bulunmasına karşın N.gonorrhoeae ve N.meningitidis insanda hastalık etkeni olan patojen türlerdir.
Parazitlerin sınıflandırılması ve genel özellikleri
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023) Aydın, Mustafa Derya; Ağaçfidan, Ali
Tıbbi parazitoloji; insanda bulunan ve hastalık yapan/yapmayan protozoon, helmint ve artropodları inceleyen bilim dalıdır. Parazitler ve yol açtıkları hastalıklar binlerce yıldır bilinmektedir. Parazitozlar, tanı ve tedavi yöntemlerinde kaydedilen önemli ilerlemelere rağmen, yol açtıkları akut ve kronik hastalıklarla insan ve hayvan sağlığını hala ciddi olarak tehdit etmekte, iş-güç kaybı, ekonomik kayıplar ve her yıl milyonlarca ölüme yol açmaktadır.
Stafilokoklar ve diğer katalaz pozitif koklar
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023) Akgün Karapınar, Bahar; Aydın, Mustafa Derya; Ağaçfidan, Ali
Gram pozitif koklar; üreme özellikleri, hücrelerinin bölünme ve diziliş özellikleri, oksijen gereksinimleri, insan vücudundaki yerleşimleri ve katalaz enzimi varlığı açısından farklılık gösterirler. Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji'de enfeksiyon etkeni olarak saptanan Gram pozitif kokların neredeyse tamamı stafilokok, streptokok ve enterokok cinslerine aittir. Streptokoklar uçuca bölünerek zincir görünümü alırken, stafilokoklar boşlukta her yöne bölünerek üzüm salkımı görünümü alırlar.
Streptokoklar ve diğer katalaz negatif koklar
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023) Akgün Karapınar, Bahar; Aydın, Mustafa Derya; Ağaçfidan, Ali
Streptokoklar; Gram pozitif, 0.5 - 1 µm boyutlarında, yuvarlak veya oval gerekli, hareketsiz, sporsuz, tek yönde bölündüklerinden çift ya da zincir şeklinde diziliş, gösteren bakterilerdir. Katalaz negatif olma özellikleriyle morfolojik olarak en benzer cins olan stafilokoklardan ayrılırlar. Hasta örneklerinde ya da sıvı besiyeri kültürlerinde uzun zincirler oluşturan streptokoklar katı besiyeri kliniklerinde kısa zincir, diplokok veya kalite şeklinde diziliş gösterebilirler.
Borrelia cinsi
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023) Kayacan, Zeynep Çiğdem; Ağaçfidan, Ali
Borrelia cinsi içinde toplanan bakteriler genetik yakınlıklarına göre Tekrarlayan Ateş (Relapsing Fever, Febris Recurrens, Raci Humma, Dönek Ateş) ve Lyme Borelyoz gruplarına ayrılır. Her iki gruptaki borelya türleri kanla beslenen artropod vektörler ile bulaşır, hayvanlarda benim; çoğunlukla zoonoz etkenidir. İnsan ender olarak son konakları olabilir.
Leptospira cinsi
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023) Kayacan, Zeynep Çiğdem; Ağaçfidan, Ali
Leptospiralar, Leptonema ve Turneria cinslerinin de içinde olduğu Leprospiraceae ailesinden, bir ya da her Iki ucu kana şeklinde ve kendisi sıkı sarmallardan oluşan, iki adet periplazmik fiagella ile hareketli, çok ince yapıda (0,1 μm X 6-20 μm), zorunlu aerop, 28.30°C'de ve pH 7.2-7.6 arasında optimum üreyen bakterilerdir. Antiseptiklere ve asitlere dayanıksız, hafif alkali ortamlarda uzun süre canlılıklarını koruyabilen, B2 ve B12, vitaminiyle birlikte uzun zinciri' yağ asitleri ve amonyum tuzlan içeren basit besiyerlerinde üreyebilen katalaz ve oksidaz pozitif, spiral şekilli, Gram negatif hücre yapısında bakterilerdir. Hareketleri tipik olarak hızlı ileri-geri (translasyonel) ve uzun ah etrafında hızlı dönme şeklindedir (rotasyonel).
Vibrio cinsi
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023) Kayacan, Zeynep Çiğdem; Ağaçfidan, Ali
Vibrionaceae ailesi içinde insan patojeni olanlar Vibrio, Photobacterium ve Grimontia cinsleridir; bununla birlikte Vibrionaceae ailesi Vibrio cinsi, Vibrio cinsi için de Vibrio cholerae temsilci sayılır.
Nutritional analysis of vegan recipes: From social media to plate
(Wiley, 2024) Yoldaş, Tuba; Kaya, Gözde Sultan; Parmaksız, Ayhan; Işıklar, Handan; Günalan, Elif
The study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of vegan recipes shared on the Instagram social media platform and to compare these ingredients with their non-vegan/omnivorous versions. Turkish and English vegan recipes of meatballs (n = 53), burgers (n = 12), pizza (n = 15), pasta (n = 38), cake (n = 58), and cookies (n = 52) were obtained from Instagram. They all met the criteria of being shared as #vegan labeled, presented detailed information about ingredients, and only included plant-based ingredients. Afterward, non-vegan/omnivorous recipes (n = 228) were determined as equivalent to the vegan recipes in each food group, and a total of 456 recipes were evaluated. The amounts of macro- and micronutrients per 100-gram serving were obtained by the Nutritional Data System (BeBiS). According to the outcomes, the most significant differences in nutritional composition were found between vegan and non-vegan meatball recipes. The levels of cholesterol and B12 were significantly lower in English vegan recipes of meatballs, pasta, cake, and cookies compared to their non-vegan versions (p < .05). Consuming different vegan foods throughout the day could provide complementary nutrient intake and sustainable optimal health. Nevertheless, recipe-based updates could be an innovative approach in future vegan studies. In addition, analysis of vegan recipes could be considered to modulate vegan supplementation programs.

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