Temel Tıp Bilimleri Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/59

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Sun-macerated hypericum perforatum oleates in fixed oils: Analytical characterization and comparative wound-healing activity
(The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK), 2026) Çapar, Cihan; Küpeli, Esra; Yaba, Aylin; Parmaksız, Ayhan; Sümer, Engin; Yeşilada, Erdem
Background/aim: Hypericum perforatum L. oleates prepared in fixed oils have long been used for wound management due to their antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue-regenerative properties. The bioactivity of these oleates is mainly attributed to hypericin, hyperforin, and pseudohypericin. In the present study, the wound-healing potential of H. perforatum oleates prepared in different fixed oils, including Olea europaea L. (olive), Sesamum indicum L. (sesame), Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower), and Nigella sativa L. (black seed), is compared. Materials and methods: Fixed oils were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, while oleuropein (olive oil) and thymoquinone (black seed oil) were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and sesamin and sesamol (sesame oil) by spectrophotometry. Oleates were prepared using the traditional sun maceration method. Hypericin, hyperforin, and pseudohypericin were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to assess the wound-healing activities of both the fixed oils and their respective oleates. Results: All oleates exhibited significantly greater wound-healing activity than the corresponding fixed oils. The most pronounced synergistic effects were observed with the olive oil and sesame oil oleates. Conclusion: Maceration of H. perforatum in fixed oils enhances the intrinsic therapeutic properties of oils and contributes to improvements in multiple wound-healing parameters. The findings of the present study support the traditional use of H. perforatum oleates and provide a scientific basis for their pharmacological development.
Protective roles of gallic acid and lycopene against 4-nonylphenol induced testicular damage in SD rats
(SAGE Publications, 2026) Güleş, Özay; Kum, Şadiye; Naseer, Zahid; Boyacıoğlu, Murat; Özel Armutoğlu, Emine; Yıldız, Mustafa; Kırıkkulak, Murat; Doğan, Göksel; Bilici, Esra; Türkmen, Aybike; Tuna, Bilginer; Eren, Ülker
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), an endocrine disruptor, is known to induce mutagenic, toxic, or carcinogenic effects, including testicular toxicity via inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. The objective of this work was to determine the capacity of lycopene (LC) and gallic acid (GA) to protect testicular histological structure, biochemical responses, and semen parameters in rats exposed to 4-NP. In this 28-day dietary trial, six groups (n= 6 per group) received treatment via oral gavage: a control (corn oil, 2 mL/kg/day), LC (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day), GA (50 mg/kg BW/day), 4-NP (125 mg/kg BW/day), LC + 4-NP (LC followed by 4-NP), and GA + 4-NP (GA followed by 4-NP) groups. The results indicated that 4-NP administration adversely affects the final body weight, testicular histology, seminiferous epithelium heights (SEHs) (4-NP: 57.95 ± 0.49, p: 0.000), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, testis antioxidant capacity, testis malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and sperm viability and morphology. LC and GA supplementation significantly improved SEHs, activities of testis superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), and sperm viability compared to the 4-NP group. Moreover, LC and GA exposures decreased histopathological lesions, including germinal epithelial degeneration, vacuolization, immature germ cells in the tubular lumen, and congestion in the interstitial area. Furthermore, they lowered TUNEL-positive cell counts and tubule percentages, testicular MDA levels, and abnormal sperm percentages. To our knowledge, this study provides one of the first systematic comparisons of lycopene and gallic acid in protecting against 4-NP-induced testicular toxicity under identical experimental conditions. The findings suggest that both compounds preserve testicular structure and function through their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
The multifaceted effects of rosmarinic acid on breast cancer, regulating autophagy and increasing apoptosis
(Taylor & Francis, 2026) Erol Kutucu, Deniz; Erkısa Genel, Merve; Üvez, Ayça; Armutak, Elif İlkay; Yılmazer, Nadim; Demirci, Huri; Soluk Tekkesin, Merva; Ulukaya, Engin; Gürel Gürevin, Ebru
Cancer remains a complex and formidable disease that necessitates the development of diverse therapeutic strategies, including the investigation of natural products as complementary agents. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a phenolic compound, has demonstrated promising anticancer activity across various malignancies. Combining RA with conventional chemotherapeutic agents may represent a novel therapeutic approach. In the present study, the efficacy of these combinations was evaluated in vitro through the assessment of cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, and proliferation, and in vivo by examining their effects on tumor growth in an Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) model. Among the tested combinations, RA and Paclitaxel (PTX) exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity and synergistic activity compared with individual treatments, whereas other combinations demonstrated limited efficacy. Morphological and moleculer analyses indicated induction of apoptosis, evidenced by increased expression of FAS, FADD, and cleaved caspases detected by Western blotting. Moreover, the RA+PTX (Rosmarinic acid+Paclitaxel) combination was associated with impaired autophagic flux, as reflected by elevated LC3 and p62 levels. Although the combined treatment reduced tumor volume in vivo, its antitumor efficacy was comparable to that of RA monotherapy. Collectively, these findings indicate that while the RA+PTX combination enhanced cytotoxicity activity against triple-negative breast cancer in vitro, its therapeutic advantage in vivo requires further investigation.
Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections and antibody responses after BNT162b2 in patients with severe obesity: A retrospective cohort study
(Frontiers Media S. A., 2026) Kara, Zehra; Ak, Tümay; Demir, Ahmet Numan; Akçin, Rüveyda; Dinç, Harika Öykü; Taşkın, Halit Eren; Gareayaghi, Nesrin; Kocazeybek, Bekir; Yumuk, Volkan Demirhan
Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection and to compare SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels between patients with severe obesity and individuals without obesity after two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: One hundred two consecutive patients with severe obesity seen in the obesity outpatient clinic and 54 individuals without obesity who visited a vaccination outpatient clinic were included in the study. Inactivated Severe Adult Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG levels of these two groups were measured four weeks after administration of two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined as a PCR-confirmed infection documented in hospital records during the 12-month follow-up after completion of two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination. PCR testing was performed only when participants presented to the hospital with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 and was not conducted as routine screening. Clinical characteristics, protective measures and contact history were also queried. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates after vaccination between the patients with severe obesity (n=28, 27%) and individuals without obesity (n=3, 5%) (p=0.001). In patients with severe obesity, SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels after BNT162b2 vaccination were lower in the group with SARS-CoV-2 infection than in the group without SARS-CoV-2 infection [2697 (1096-8955); 8103 (2208-26903) AUml, respectively] (p=0.008). The antibody levels of those with severe fatigue were lower than those without these complaints [2440 (365-4447); 8955 (2440-16317) AUml, respectively] (p=0.03). A loss of taste or smell was observed in 75% of patients with severe obesity but was not observed in individuals without obesity (p=0.03). In patients with severe obesity, those with taste/smell loss had statistically significantly lower SARS CoV-2 IgG titres than those without severe obesity [2568 (400-4830); 95(2611-16810) AUml, p: 0.02]. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a correlation between body mass index (BMI) and having had a SARS-CoV-2 infection after BNT162b2 vaccination (p = 0.028, Exp(B) = 1.072). There was no need for hospitalisation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and there were no deaths in either group. Conclusion: Patients with severe obesity had higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection after BNT162b2 vaccination compared to individuals without obesity. SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were lower in patients with severe obesity after BNT162b2 vaccination. Based on these findings, given the higher frequency of post-vaccination infections in the patients with severe obesity, timely booster vaccination policies may be particularly important for this population.Severe obesity, SARS-CoV-2, BNT162b2, SARS-CoV-2 IgG, breakthrough infection. Key points: The rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination was higher in patients with severe obesity than in individuals without obesity.It has been found that antibody levels are lower in patients with severe fatigue symptoms than in patients without these symptoms.Loss of taste or smell was observed at a high rate (75%) in the group with severe obesity, but not in individuals without obesity.In this study, there were no hospitalisations or deaths after vaccination with BNT162b2 in patients with severe obesity.Body mass index (BMI) has been found to negatively affect the likelihood of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine.In our study, we emphasise the importance of vaccination in patients with severe obesity.
Evaluating a pathogen-specific IgG binding assay for rapid detection of healthcare-associated infections
(Nature Portfolio, 2026) Karakullukçu, Asiye; Akker, Mustafa; Kuşkucu, Mert Ahmet; Aygün, Gökhan; Dikmen, Yalım
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is an unmet need for improving outcomes in intensive care units (ICUs). Traditional culture-based methods, while the gold standard, are time-consuming and can delay therapeutic interventions. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of pathogen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We measured IgG binding against pathogens including Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnostic performance was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with culture results as the reference. The assay demonstrated an overall diagnostic accuracy of 83.2%, with a sensitivity of 85.4%, a specificity of 81.4%, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.910. Pathogen-specific cutoff values ranged from 0.918 to 1.534. Especially, A. baumannii showed the highest performance metrics, achieving a sensitivity of 94.7%, a specificity of 93.6%, and an AUC of 0.975. The pathogen-specific IgG binding levels can offer a novel and effective diagnostic tool for the initial assessment of HAIs, enhancing early detection and improving patient management across healthcare settings.
Evaluation of muscle oxygenation by functional near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with myasthenia gravis during rest and exercise
(Turkish Neuropsychiatric Society, 2026) Coşkun Semiz, Ebru; Alökten, Merve; Karakulak, Ece Zeynep; Aysal, Fikret; Hanoğlu, Lütfü
Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that is caused by autoantibodies targeting the neuromuscular junction. A few studies in the literature show that MG may negatively affect muscle metabolism. However, no current study investigates MG pathophysiology’s effect on muscle oxygenation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the difference in muscle oxygenation in MG disease and to evaluate its clinical Pathophysiological implications. Methods: 19 MG patients and 19 age, gender and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy controls participated in the study. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recordings were recorded from six channels over the biceps brachii muscles during the rhythmic elbow flexion-extension task. Results: It was observed that oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO) (p = 0.008) and total hemoglobin (HbT) (p = 0.017) values during exercise were significantly lower in MG patients in the motor point of the biceps brachii muscle. In addition, at rest, deoxygenated-hemoglobin (HbR) levels were significantly lower in patients (p<0.05) in the motor point and the lateral region of the biceps brachii muscles. Additionally, a difference is observed in fNIRS values between the moderate-severe MG group and healthy controls. Also, a negative correlation was observed between exercise-state HbO and rest-state HbR values and disease severity (p<0.05). Conclusion: MG patients show deterioration in muscle oxygenation values during exercise and rest. Oxygenation values show significant differences in disease severity and negatively correlate with disease severity. Based on these findings, MG disease may affect muscle oxygenation and can be monitored by fNIRS.
Anatomic safety profile of a novel mini external fixator for proximal crescentic osteotomy in hallux valgus correction: A cadaveric study
(Springer Nature Link, 2026) Coşkun, Osman; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Gürses, İlke Ali; Ok, Fatma; Gayretli, Özcan; Erdil, Mehmet
Purpose The proximal crescentic osteotomy is an effective procedure for hallux valgus correction, but stable fixation remains challenging. Our previous biomechanical study suggested that the MEF may offer comparable or greater stability than a specific cannulated screw fixation construct in a cadaveric model. This study aims to evaluate the anatomical safety of the MEF by investigating its relationship with critical neurovascular structures and tendons. Methods An anatomical dissection study was performed on ten foot cadaveric specimens. The MEF was applied using five mini-Schanz pins inserted in predefined positions. Following fixation, a layer-by-layer dissection was conducted to expose the dorsalis pedis artery, superficial cutanous branches of the foot, the superficial venous arch, and the extensor hallucis lon gus and brevis tendons. The distance from each pin to these structures and any iatrogenic injuries were recorded. Results The superficial venous arch was injured at low rates by the medial distal pin (20%), the medial proximal pin (10%), and the lateral distal pin (20%). Tendon injury was more frequent, with the extensor hallucis longus tendon being injured by 20–30% of pins, and the extensor hallucis brevis tendon by the lateral intermediate and distal pins (20% each). Conclusion The application of the MEF for first metatarsal fixation appears anatomically safe with respect to major arteries and nerves. The consistent avoidance of the dorsalis pedis artery and key sensory nerves is a significant advantage over some established techniques. However, surgeons should be aware of the potential risk to the superficial venous arch and extensor tendons during pin placement. These findings support further investigation of the MEF for proximal crescentic osteotomy f ixation.
Anatomical study of the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries: Morphology, variability, and surgical relevance
(Springer Nature Link, 2026) Ok, Fatma; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Karip, Burak; Önal, Vildan; Yıldız, Nilay; Tatar, Burak Ergün; Gayretli, Özcan
Purpose The vascular anatomy of the groin region plays an important role in reconstructive surgery and regional anesthesia, yet data on the precise morphology and topography of the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries remain limited. Methods 28 lower extremities of fourteen formalin-fixed male cadavers were dissected to examine the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries. Their origins, branching patterns, diameters, and spatial relationships to the inguinal ligament and femoral triangle were recorded. Morphometric distances were measured with a digital caliper, and correlations between parameters were analyzed statistically. Results The superficial circumflex iliac artery arose exclusively from the femoral artery in all cases and was consistently located within the femoral triangle. Its mean origin diameter was 1.83±0.46 mm. The deep circumflex iliac artery showed greater variability, originating from the external iliac artery in half of the cases and from the femoral artery in the other half. Its mean origin diameter was 2.25±0.40 mm, and it was located outside the femoral triangle in 71.4% of cases. Multiple significant correlations were identified between vessel diameters, bifurcation points, and their spatial relationships with the inguinal ligament. Conclusion The superficial circumflex iliac artery displays consistent anatomy, whereas the deep circumflex iliac artery demonstrates notable variability in origin and topography, though with stable vessel caliber. These findings provide detailed morphometric insights that may support safer flap design and improve surgical and anesthetic planning in the groin region.
Türkiye’de bağışıklama hizmetlerinin durumu
(Halk Sağlığı Uzmanları Derneği (HASUDER), 2025) Eskiocak, Muzaffer; Marangoz, Bahar
Türkiye’de Bağışıklama Hizmetlerinin Durumu
İstirahat durumu EEG alfa gücü ile fNIRS oksihemoglobin aktivitesi arasındaki ilişkide bireysel farklılıklar ve bölgesel korelasyonlar
(Başkent Üniversitesi, 2025) Karakulak, Ece Zeynep; Coşkun Semiz, Ebru; Hanoğlu, Lütfü
Amaç: Araştırmacılar tarafından yıllardır kişisel farklılıkların altında yatan elektrofizyolojik özellikler araştırılmaktadır. Son dönemde dinlenim durumundaki baskın beyin dalgası olan alfa frekansı üzerinden yapılan kişisel alfa frekansı analizleriyle kişinin görev sırasındaki performansına ilişkin tahminlerde bulunulabileceği (Bazanova, 2012), alfa gücünün en yüksek olduğu frekansın, bilginin işlemlenmesi ve bilgiye erişim hızını yansıttığı düşünülmektedir (Busch, 2024; Nelli 2021). Dolayısıyla, bireyler arasında farklılık gösteren bireysel alfa frekansı, dinlenme halinde ölçülen bireysel bir nörofizyolojik özellik belirteci olarak kabul edilebilir (Drewes, 2022). Serebral hemodinamik yanıtları kaydeden başka bir nörogörüntüleme aracı olan fNIRS ile eş zamanlı EEG kayıtları, kortikal aktiviteye dair veriler sunmaktadır (Keles, 2016). Literatürde bireysel alfa frekansı farklı olan bireylerin dinlenim durumu hemodinamik yanıtları ile elektrofizyolojik aktivite arasında herhangi bir patern görülüp görülmeyeceği daha önce araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışma, EEG alfa gücü ile fNIRS oksihemoglobin (HbO) sinyali arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bireysel alfa grupları arasındaki hemodinamik farkları incelemektedir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya sağlıklı ve 18-40 yaş arası 37 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcılardan19 kanallı EEG (BrainVision) ve 36 kanallı fNIRS (NIRScout) ile eş zamanlı şekilde 200 saniyelik istirahat kaydı alınmıştır. Nörogörüntüleme verilerinin analizi sırasıyla ve BrainVision Analyzer (Brain Products GmbH, Germany) ve Homer3 (versiyon 1.80.2) programları ile yapılmıştır. Veriler ön işlemlemeden geçirildikten sonra istatistik analizleri uygulanmıştır. Kişisel alfa frekanslarına göre katılımcılar düşük, orta ve yüksek (DBAF <9.7; OBAF 9.7– 10.7; YBAF >10.7 Hz) olarak 3 farklı gruba ayrılmıştır (Bazanova, 2012). EEG ve fNIRS verileri 9 bölgeye (ROI) ayrılmıştır. EEG ve fNIRS verileri arasında Pearson korelasyon testi ve gruplar arasındaki etkileşimler için tek yönlü ANOVA testi uygulanmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS v21 programı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Analizler sonucunda, sol oksipital bölgedeki EEG alfa gücü ile hem sol oksipital hem de sol temporal bölgelerdeki HbO gücü arasında anlamlı negatif korelasyonlar bulunmuştur (p<.05). Bireysel alfa frekansına göre ayrılan gruplar arasında fNIRS kanalları bazında sağ lateral frontal-temporal (YBAF>DBAF) ve sol santral paryetal alanlarda (DBAF>YBAF), fNIRS ROI bazında ise sol paryetal bölgedeki (DBAF>YBAF) HbO gücü anlamlı şekilde farklı izlenmiştir (p<.05). Sonuç: Mevcut çalışma hem alfa gücü hem de bireysel alfa frekansına dayalı hemodinamik farklılıkları doğrulayarak, EEG-fNIRS multimodal ölçümlerin beyin fonksiyonlarını incelemede güçlü bir yöntem olduğunu desteklemektedir.
Alzheimer hastalığında ilerlemenin manyetik rezonans görüntülerindeki subkortikal hacimlerle makine öğrenmesi kullanılarak kestirilmesi
(Başkent Üniversitesi, 2025) Soylu, Can; Harı, Emre; Demiralp, Tamer
Amaç: Alzheimer hastalığının (AH) erken dönemlerinde başlayan subkortikal yapılardaki ilerleyici dejenerasyonu bilinmektedir. Bu çerçevede, AH’de ilerlemenin ön görülmesi oldukça kritik bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, makine öğrenmesi (MÖ) kullanılarak subkortikal hacimlerin hastalığın ilerleyici seyrini öngörme potansiyellerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Alzheimer Hastalığı Nörogörüntüleme Girişimi (ADNI) veri tabanından elde edilen, klinik tanısı ilerleyici (progresif, n=186) ve ilerleyici olmayan (non-progresif, n=235) olarak iki sınıfa ayrılmış toplam 421 katılımcının T1 ağırlıklı anatomik manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) verileri dahil edilmiştir. Anatomik MRG verisi FreeSurfer 7.2 programıyla işlenerek standart segmentasyon aşamalarında yer alan tüm subkortikal yapılara ait toplam hacimsel değerler elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, hippokampal alt alanlar, talamus ve amigdala alt çekirdeklerinin hacimsel değerleri de hesaplanmıştır. Hacimsel değerler, MÖ algoritmalarında kullanılmadan önce intrakraniyal hacimlerle normalize edilmiştir. Normalize edilen tüm hacim değerleri kümesine PyCaret 3.0 kütüphanesi kullanılarak öznitelik seçimi uygulanmış ve subkortikal yapıların önem sıralaması Shapley (SHAP) değerleri ile belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: Subkortikal yapıların toplam hacimlerini içeren veri kümesi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen MÖ sonucunda, bilateral amigdala, sol hippokampus, sol nucleus accumbens ve sağ lateral ventrikül ön plana çıkarak, progresif ve non-progresif grupları birbirinden %79 oranında doğruluk ile ayırt edebilmiştir. Diğer yandan, subkortikal yapıların küçük ölçekli alt alanlarının ve çekirdeklerinin hacim değerleri kullanıldığında ise bilateral amigdala-aksesuar bazal çekirdekler, sol amigdala-lateral çekirdek, amigdala-santral çekirdek, kortiko-amigdaloid geçiş alanı ve sol hippokampus-presubikulum ön plana çıkmış ve grupları birbirinden %81 oranında doğruluk ile ayırabilmiştir. Sonuç: Otomatik MÖ algoritmaları, AH’nin ilerleyici seyrini öngörebilmek için kritik rol oynayan subkortikal yapıları tutarlı bir şekilde belirleme potansiyeline sahiptir. Ayrıca, farklı ölçekteki segmentasyon kombinasyonlarına rağmen, amigdala ve hippokampus içindeki spesifik alt yapıların tutarlı şekilde ön plana çıkması AH patolojisinin takibinde bu nöroanatomik bölgelerin kritik rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Bulgularımız, AH'nin erken tanı ve takibi için otomatik MÖ algoritmalarının klinik destek aracı olarak potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.
Evaluation of seropositivity developed against specific antigens of helicobacter pylori in neurodegenerative diseases
(Turkish Neuropsychiatric Society, 2026) Akçin, Rüveyda; Tütüncü, Melih; Karagöz Sakallı, Nazan; Apaydın, Hülya; Bozluolçay, Melda; Can, Günay; Soysal, Aysun; Sirekbasan, Serhat; Dinç, Harika Öykü; Sarıbaş, Suat; Kocazeybek, Bekir
Introduction: It is suggested that Helicobacter pylori (Hp) can reach the brain via the oral-nasal-olfactory route, through Hp-infected monocytes in the disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB), or through a rapid retrograde neural network leading to neurodegeneration from the gastrointestinal tract (GIS) and may lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible immunopathogenesis relationship between Hp-specific antigens and neurodegenerative diseases by determining the frequency of seropositivity against different specific antigens of Hp in diseases such as AD, PD and MS. Methods: In our cross-sectional, retrospective case-control study, the immunoreactivity frequencies of Hp-specific and non-specific CagA (p120), VacA (p95), p75, FSH (p67), UreB (p66), HSP homolog (p57), flagellin (p54), p50, p41, p33, OMP (p30), UreA (p29), p26, OMP (p19), p17 antigens were determined by Western Blot method in 36 AD, 35 PD, 91 MS cases with Hp-IgG reactivity, and 55 controls without a neurodegenerative/demyelinating by ELISA method. Results: No significant difference was found between the immunoreactivity frequencies of Hp antigens between AD and control groups (p>0.05). In the multivariate logistic analysis performed for PD cases, age ≥ 50 and immunoreactivity frequency of p19 were found to be independent risk factors (OR: 36.752, p<0.05) (OR: 5.570, p<0.05). In MS cases, immunoreactivity frequency of p17 antigen was found to be a risk factor (OR: 2.646, p<0.05). In addition, the mean level of Hp-IgG reactivity was found to be negatively associated with MS development (indicating an inverse correlation) in the control group compared to the MS group (OR: 0.585, p < 0.05). Furthermore, logistic regression analysis in the total study group revealed that the immunoreactivity frequency of the p17 antigen was identified as a risk factor for MS (OR: 2.438, p<0.05). Conclusion: Our data on AD cases are insufficient. In PD cases, the significantly higher frequency of immunoreactivity to the Hp-p19 antigen in individuals aged ≥50 years (OR=5.570) is noteworthy. In the MS group, the significantly high detection of Hp p17 antigen and its presence as a risk factor (OR=2.646), and the significantly high detection of p26 antigen suggest the relationship between these antigens and the MS development process. However, it is a fact that new and many prospective cohort-based case-control studies are needed to reveal this more clearly.
Lumbar spine: Diagnosis and therapy with neural therapy
(Springer Nature Link, 2026) Ural Nazlıkul, Fatma Gülçin; Nazlıkul, Hüseyin
The lumbar spine, due to its topographical location and the significant load it bears, is frequently a center for chronic and acute conditions. Typical symptoms include pain and movement restrictions caused by various factors such as degeneration, postural imbalances, structural changes, or functional disorders. Neural therapy offers an effective method for both diagnosis and treatment by specifically targeting interference fields and influencing the body’s autonomic regulation. Notably, neural therapy has shown positive results in the treatment of lumbalgia, sciatica, and degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine. It supports tissue regeneration, improves circulation, and reduces pain perception by modulating the autonomic nervous system. These outcomes are achieved through precise injection techniques, such as facet joint injections and spinal nerve injections, allowing for direct and localized treatment. Neural therapy aims to activate the body’s self-healing powers and eliminate interference fields by targeted injections into the autonomic nervous system. By modulating the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, pain syndromes can be alleviated, and functional disorders corrected. The importance of comprehensive diagnosis, which considers both functional and autonomic factors, is essential to maximize the effectiveness of neural therapy and ensure holistic treatment.
The cervical spine
(Springer Nature Link, 2026) Nazlıkul, Hüseyin; Ural Nazlıkul, Fatma Gülçin
The cervical spine (CSS) is the most mobile part of the spine, consisting of seven vertebrae that connect the head and trunk. Neural therapy and manual medicine offer effective approaches to treating CSS dysfunction through targeted injections and mobilization techniques. These therapies can reduce pain, improve mobility, and normalize autonomic functions. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of these combined approaches in treating cervical spine disorders.
The thoracic spine
(Springer Nature Link, 2026) Nazlıkul, Hüseyin; Ural Nazlıkul, Fatma Gülçin
The thoracic spine (TSP) is the longest section of the spine, consisting of 12 vertebrae. It connects the cervical and lumbar spines and is responsible for the motor and sensory innervation of the trunk. Pathological stimuli can be reflexively relayed via the autonomic nervous system (ANS), leading to dysfunctions. Palpation plays an important role in diagnosing TSP dysfunctions. Injections into the spinous processes, facet joints, and intercostal nerves can be used to treat pain and movement disorders.
Sacroiliac joint or iliosacral joint
(Springer Nature Link, 2026) Nazlıkul, Hüseyin; Ural Nazlıkul, Fatma Gülçin
The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is often regarded as a controversial and enigmatic structure, serving as a source of explanation for various pain conditions and functional limitations that are otherwise difficult to categorize. This article provides a detailed examination of the SIJ’s anatomy, biomechanics, and the role of the pelvic ring. The SIJ is a synovial joint with limited mobility, crucial for weight transfer from the trunk to the hips. The article emphasizes the significance of ligamentous structures surrounding the SIJ and highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches combining manual medicine and neural therapy, particularly focusing on the treatment of ligamentous structures. Techniques for the injection of ligaments in the SIJ region are discussed, offering effective conservative treatment options for sacroiliac dysfunction. The review also includes detailed examination procedures and identifies the common sources of pain associated with the SIJ.
Metabolik hastalıklara eşlik eden nöropsikiyatrik komorbidite modelleri
(Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2025) Kaya, Gül Büşra; Algül, Sermin; Deniz, Gülnihal; Keskin, Seda
Nöropsikiyatrik komorbiditeler ve metabolik hastalıklar arasında oldukça yakın bir ilgi vardır. Son yıllarda araştırma alanı olarak ve klinikte yoğun ilgi görmektedir. Bu iki konu ile ilgili olarak çeşitli komorbidite modelleri tasarlanıp, geliştirilmiş ve çalışmalara konu olmuştur (1-4). Bu bölümde metabolik hastalıklarla seyreden nöropsikiyatrik komorbidite modellerinin ana başlıkları ve de tayları yer almaktadır.
Diagnosis of muscle diseases nd the use of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
(Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi, 2025) Coşkun Semiz, Ebru; Hanoğlu, Lütfü
Muscle diseases are a class of illnesses that share several pathologies and can be brought on by auto immune, metabolic, inflammatory, toxic, or hereditary factors. Investigating the pathophysiological properties of diseases and developing appropriate diagnostic methods are essential for implementing appropriate therapeutic approaches and evaluating treatment effectiveness. Although anamnesis and clinical examination findings are still the most effective way to diagnose muscle diseases in routine practice, methods such as muscle electrophysiology, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging are important, especially for the differential diagnosis of complex muscle diseases. In recent years, another neuroim aging method, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), has begun to assess muscle oxygenation during exercise or rest in healthy and pathological conditions. fNIRS is an optical-based, noninvasive imaging method used to assess oxygenation in many tissues, such as the brain and muscle, since the 1980s. It provides information about the metabolic activity of the tissue through tissue oxygenation. The device sends light in the near-infrared range through the source optode to the tissue to evaluate ox ygenation change. Oxygen-carrying chromophores (hemoglobin and myoglobin, respectively) found in blood and skeletal muscle absorb near-infrared light sent to the tissue. Detector optodes collect the rays reflected back from the tissue, and the concentration change of oxygenated and deoxygenated chromophores in the tissue is determined according to the absorption amount. In recent years, its use in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions has become widespread. It is a promising approach, particularly for diagnosing muscle disorders, comprehending their etiology, and developing effective treatment plans.
Spermatogenez
(BİDGE Yayınları, 2025) İnce, Zeynep Yelda; Ündağ, İlknur; Ündağ, İlknur; Dönmez, Hasan Hüseyin
Spermatogenez, testisteki seminifer tübüller içinde yer alan germ hücrelerinin, spermatogonyal kök hücre düzeyinden olgun spermatozoona kadar ilerleyen, mitotik, mayotik ve postmayotik farklılaşma basamaklarını içeren son derece organize bir süreçtir (Jan ve ark., 2017; Griswold, 2018). Bu süreç boyunca spermatogonyumlar, kendini yenileme ve farklılaşma arasında karmaşık bir denge kurarak gelişimsel kaderlerini belirlerken, primer ve sekonder spermatositler ardışık mayoz bölünmeler aracılığıyla kromozom yükünü haploid düzeye indirger. Bunu takiben, spermatidler spermiogenez olarak tanımlanan terminal maturasyon evresinde yoğun bir morfolojik ve yapısal yeniden düzenlenme geçirerek fonksiyonel spermatozoona dönüşür (Rowley ve ark., 1971; Zickler & Kleckner, 2015). Spermatogenez, yalnızca germ hücre döngüsünün içsel kinetiklerine indirgenemeyecek kadar kompleks bir biyolojik süreç olup, Sertoli hücreleri, Leydig hücreleri, peritübüler miyoid hücreler ve interstisyel mikroçevrenin bütünleşik yapısal ve parakrin katkıları ile şekillenir (Griswold, 2018; Thumfart & Mansuy, 2023). Seminifer epitelde her bir gelişim basamağının belirli bir mekânsal ve zamansal dizilim içerisinde ortaya çıkması, germ hücre maturasyonunun yüksek derecede organize bir epitel siklusuna tabi olduğunu ve bu siklusun seminifer tübüller boyunca koordineli olarak ilerleyen, ardışık gelişimsel kümeler şeklinde düzenlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır (Jan ve ark., 2017). Güncel araştırmalar, spermatogenezin sürdürülebilir başarısının; germ hücrelerine özgü transkriptomik programların dinamik düzenlenmesi, spermatogonyal kök hücre nişinin yapısal ve işlevsel bütünlüğü, Sertoli hücrelerinden salınan büyüme faktörleri ile eksozomal yüklerin koordinasyonu ve bunları şekillendiren hassas endokrin ve parakrin sinyal ağlarının etkileşimine bağımlı olduğunu göstermektedir (Fayomi & Orwig, 2018; Tian ve ark., 2024).
Green light and intermittent lighting modulate testicular gonadotropin inhibitory hormone without central or morphological effects in broiler chickens
(Islamic Azad University, 2025) Aykoç Göçer, Miray; Akın, S. G.; Özel Armutoğlu, Emine; Koç Yıldırım, Ece
Environmental factors, especially light duration and wavelength (colour), affect reproductive physiology in broilers. In birds, light is perceived especially by extraretinal photoreceptors in the brain, including the hy pothalamus, which regulates reproductive function. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), expressed in both the hypothalamus and gonads, suppresses gonadotropin release and modulates reproductive activity. Its expression is influenced by photoperiod and light colour. Rooster fertility is economically important, as one male can inseminate many females. This study investigated how green light and intermittent lighting affect GnIH levels and testicular development in prepubertal broiler males. 288 one-day-old male commer cial broilers (Ross-308) were divided into four groups (n=12) and exposed to: Group I, 18 hours light - 6 hours dark (18L:6D) with white light; Group II, 18L:6D with green light; Group III, 17L:3D:1L:3D with white light; and Group IV, 17L:3D:1L:3D with green light. The study was conducted in four identical ex perimental rooms, each consisting of six pens (replicates). Two male broilers were randomly selected from each pen. A total of 48 chickens, 2 males from each pen (replicate group), were randomly selected for analysis. After 42 days under standard conditions, GnIH levels were measured in the hypothalamus and testes via ELISA. Testicular development was assessed histologically by evaluating seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height. Results showed that intermittent lighting and green light significantly in creased testicular GnIH levels but had no effect on hypothalamic GnIH. The most pronounced increase in testicular GnIH was observed in Group IV, which received both intermittent lighting and green light. No significant differences were observed in testicular morphology. These findings suggest that intermittent lighting and green light may selectively influence gonadal GnIH levels without affecting central GnIH or morphology, offering insight into how lighting strategies may be optimized in poultry production.

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