Formulation and characterization of an oleuropein-enriched oral spray gel: Microbiological performance and in ovo histopathological safety

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dc.authorid0000-0003-0113-6850
dc.authorid0000-0001-6212-2706
dc.authorid0000-0003-1166-3101
dc.authorid0000-0002-5146-0811
dc.authorid0000-0001-5281-7360
dc.authorid0000-0001-8687-2034
dc.authorid0009-0002-2312-1430
dc.authorid0000-0002-0333-8600
dc.contributor.authorAlparslan, Levent
dc.contributor.authorÖzdemir, Samet
dc.contributor.authorKaracan, Burak
dc.contributor.authorTutar, Ömer Faruk
dc.contributor.authorDoğan, Tunay
dc.contributor.authorAkar, Remzi Okan
dc.contributor.authorYıldırım, Elifnur Gizem
dc.contributor.authorErdoğan, Nusret
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-13T08:57:02Z
dc.date.available2026-02-13T08:57:02Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentFakülteler, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Eczacılık Teknoloji Bölümü, Farmasötik Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
dc.description.abstractBackground/Objectives: Oleuropein is a bioactive phenolic compound from olive leaves with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to develop a sprayable oral gel containing an oleuropein-rich aqueous extract and to evaluate its pharmaceutical performance antimicrobial efficacy and in ovo biological response. Methods: Oleuropein content was quantified using a validated chromatographic method. Polymeric systems were screened to select an optimized sprayable formulation. Physicochemical stability, dose uni formity, and antimicrobial activity against major cariogenic bacteria were evaluated. In ovo biological evaluation was conducted using the chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogene sis model together with histopathological examination of embryonic heart and liver tissues. Results: Oleuropein content was determined as 288.6 µg/mL in the olive leaf extract and 255.1 µg/mL in the final formulation. The optimized oral spray showed stable physico chemical properties, with pH maintained at 6.90 ± 0.02 and no relevant changes in viscosity during storage. The mean delivered dose per actuation was 0.128 ± 0.015 g, corresponding to 32.6 µg oleuropein per spray. The formulation exhibited inhibitory activity against all tested cariogenic microorganisms, with MIC values ranging from 13.3 to 170.7 µg/mL and MBC values generally two-fold higher. In the CAM assay, significant concentration- and time-dependent antiangiogenic effects were observed after 24–48 h at moderate and higher concentrations. Histopathological evaluation revealed dose-dependent acute degenerative and congestive changes in heart and liver tissues without evidence of fibrosis or steatosis. Conclusions: The oleuropein-based sprayable oral gel is a promising localized delivery system with adequate stability dose uniformity and antimicrobial efficacy. In ovo findings provide a conservative assessment of systemic exposure and support further development for oral biofilm and caries-related applications.
dc.identifier.citationAlparslan, L., Özdemir, S., Karacan, B., Tutar, Ö. F., Doğan, T., Akar, R. O., Yıldırım, E. G., & Erdoğan, N. (2026). Formulation and characterization of an oleuropein-enriched oral spray gel: Microbiological performance and in ovo histopathological safety. Pharmaceutics, 18(2), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18020200
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/pharmaceutics18020200
dc.identifier.endpage20
dc.identifier.issn1999-4923
dc.identifier.issue2
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18020200
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/1329
dc.identifier.volume18
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynak.otherSCI-E - Science Citation Index Expanded
dc.institutionauthorÖzdemir, Samet
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0001-6212-2706
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI Publishing
dc.relation.ispartofPharmaceutics
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectOleuropein
dc.subjectOral Spray
dc.subjectCariogenic Bacteria
dc.subjectAntimicrobial Activity
dc.subjectOlive Leaf Extract
dc.subjectHistopathological Evaluation
dc.titleFormulation and characterization of an oleuropein-enriched oral spray gel: Microbiological performance and in ovo histopathological safety
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication

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