A global consensus on the critical care management of acute‑on‑chronic liver failure patients: The APASL ACLF beijing position paper

Background and aims Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe syndrome in patients with chronic liver disease, marked by rapid multi-organ failure and high short-term mortality. Managing ACLF requires intensive care, but standard ized global guidelines were previously lacking. The APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) developed this position paper to establish a unified, evidence-based consensus for its critical care management. Methods A global collaboration of 109 experts employed a systematic methodology to address key aspects of ACLF care. Sections were drafted by specialist teams, with recommendations developed using the GRADE system. Draft statements underwent iterative review and refinement, followed by an expert panel consensus process consisting of open show-of-hands voting during the APASL Annual Conference in March 2025 in Beijing and a subsequent anonymous online voting round. Results The consensus delivers 104 position statements. Key recommendations include using prognostic scores (AARC, CLIF-C ACLF, GIC) for ICU transfer and treatment decisions, and aggressively managing precipitating factors or complica tions like infections. It details organ-specific support for liver, kidney, and brain failure, advocating for early, targeted antibi otics and careful fluid management. The role of bridging therapies (plasma exchange, artificial liver systems) and nutritional support is emphasized. For transplantation, the guidelines provide criteria for patient selection and timing, particularly for alcohol-related ACLF. Conclusions The APASL ACLF Beijing Position Paper provides a comprehensive, standardized framework for managing critically sick ACLF patients. Integrating multidisciplinary expertise and current evidence, these guidelines aim to optimize care, inform clinical decisions, and improve survival for this high-risk population. As a few recommendations are supported predominantly by data from different continents, they should therefore be interpreted in local contexts.