Improving physiological solubility and gene transfer efficiency of chitosan via 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and amino acid conjugation

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dc.authorid0000-0002-9127-2380
dc.authorid0000-0002-3052-4556
dc.authorid0000-0003-2185-2619
dc.authorid0000-0002-4561-6189
dc.authorid0000-0003-2497-9359
dc.contributor.authorBal, Kevser
dc.contributor.authorKaplan, Özlem
dc.contributor.authorŞentürk, Sema
dc.contributor.authorKüçükertuğrul Çelik, Sibel
dc.contributor.authorDemir, Kamber
dc.contributor.authorGök, Mehmet Koray
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-01T13:54:16Z
dc.date.available2025-09-01T13:54:16Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentFakülteler, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.description.abstractIn this study, chitosan was chemically modified with 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (3NBA) and three amino acids (arginine, cysteine, and histidine) to enhance its gene delivery performance. 3-NBA was selected for its known DNA binding properties, while the amino acids were chosen based on their functional groups, which can improve solubility, facilitate cellular uptake, and contribute to endosomal escape. The modified chitosan polymers were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). Nanoparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method, and their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The particle sizes ranged from 105.07 ± 3.45 to 206.15 ± 10.39 nm, with PDI values between 0.29 ± 0.01 and 0.39 ± 0.02. Zeta potentials were measured between 32.05 ± 0.49 mV and 51.95 ± 0.35 mV. The cysteine-modified chitosan (Chi-3NBACys) exhibited approximately 8.4-fold higher solubility than unmodified chitosan. In vitro studies demonstrated that the modified chitosan nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity in HEK293T cells. Among the tested formulations, Chi-3NBACys showed the highest transfection efficiency, comparable to commercial agent Lipofectamine™ 2000. These findings suggest that chitosan nanoparticles modified with 3-NBA and amino acids can be safe and efficient non-viral gene delivery vectors.
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was supported by the project DPT–2019K12–149071 funded by the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, Strategy and Budget Office. Bu çalışma, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Ofisi tarafından finanse edilen DPT–2019K12–149071 sayılı proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir.
dc.identifier.citationBal, K., Kaplan, Ö., Şentürk, S., Küçükertuğrul Çelik, S., Demir, K., & Gök, M. K. (2025). Improving physiological solubility and gene transfer efficiency of chitosan via 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and amino acid conjugation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147117
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147117
dc.identifier.issn1879-0003
dc.identifier.pmidPMID: 40876670
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147117
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/1100
dc.identifier.volume323
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynak.otherSCI-E - Science Citation Index Expanded
dc.institutionauthorŞentürk, Sema
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Biological Macromolecules
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subjectChitosan Modification
dc.subjectGene Delivery
dc.subjectNon-Viral Vectors
dc.titleImproving physiological solubility and gene transfer efficiency of chitosan via 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and amino acid conjugation
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication

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