Structure-property relationships governing encapsulation and release of antibiotics from calcium–alginate hydrogels

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dc.authorid0009-0009-8535-4249
dc.authorid0000-0001-9870-8514
dc.authorid0000-0003-2351-172X
dc.authorid0000-0002-2241-2562
dc.authorid0000-0002-9989-9823
dc.contributor.authorHebip, İbrahim
dc.contributor.authorToprakçı, İrem
dc.contributor.authorBozkurt, Rabia Nur
dc.contributor.authorKurtulbaş, Ebru
dc.contributor.authorŞahin, Selin
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-22T05:57:06Z
dc.date.available2026-07-22T05:57:06Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentFakülteler, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.description.abstractUnderstanding mass transport of structurally different drugs within ionically crosslinked hydrogel networks remains an important challenge in polymer-based delivery systems. In this study, hydrophilic amoxicillin (AMOX) and amphiphilic doxycycline (DOX) were encapsulated into calcium–alginate beads, respectively. A three-factor and three-level Box AcademicEditor: AdinaMagdalena Musuc Received: 10June2026 Revised: 11July2026 Accepted: 14July2026 Published: 16 July 2026 Copyright: ©2026bytheauthors. Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)license. Behnken design was utilized to examine the influences of alginate concentration (2–5%, w/v), CaCl2 concentration (1–3%, w/v), and gelation time (15–45 min) on encapsulation efficiency (EE). EE exhibited considerable variability for both AMOX (10–86%) and DOX (10–63%). Optimal EE values were achieved at almost 3.5% alginate and 3% CaCl2. The optimized gelation times differed between AMOX (45 min) and DOX (15 min), which is likely associated with differences in their physicochemical properties, although additional intermediate gelation times could further refine the optimal conditions. ANOVA identified CaCl2 concentration and the quadratic effect of alginate as the most influential parameters. Furthermore, both models demonstrated robust predictive capability (R2 > 0.98). In vitro release experiments demonstrated minimal drug diffusion in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and significantly accelerated release in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). These findings indicate a pH-responsive release behavior under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The release profile was best represented by Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic models. SEM and optical microscopy revealed uniform spherical beads with drug-dependent microstructural differences: hydrophilic AMOX produced smoother, wrinkled surfaces, whereas amphiphilic DOX induced localized cracking and heterogeneous microdomains. Furthermore, DLS and zeta potential measurements of the released fractions indicated nanoscale particle populations (≈190–225 nm) with moderate negative surface charge (≈−21 mV), suggesting stable colloidal dispersion during intestinal-phase release.
dc.identifier.citationHebip, İ., Toprakçı, İ., Bozkurt, R. N., Kurtulbaş, E., & Şahin, S. (2026). Structure-property relationships governing encapsulation and release of antibiotics from calcium–alginate hydrogels. Gels, 12(7), pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12070636
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/gels12070636
dc.identifier.endpage23
dc.identifier.issn2310-2861
dc.identifier.issue7
dc.identifier.pmidPMID: 42505318
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105045902759
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/gels12070636
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13055/1547
dc.identifier.volume12
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001831913400001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynak.otherSCI-E - Science Citation Index Expanded
dc.institutionauthorBozkurt, Rabia Nur
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0003-2351-172X
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI Publishing
dc.relation.ispartofGels
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectCalcium-Alginate Hydrogels
dc.subjectIonic Crosslinking
dc.subjectDrug-Polymer Interactions
dc.subjectDiffusion-Controlled Transport
dc.subjectPh-Responsive Release
dc.titleStructure-property relationships governing encapsulation and release of antibiotics from calcium–alginate hydrogels
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication

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